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891.
Two kinds of explanations have been offered for the process by which three-term series problems are solved, one in terms of linguistic principles and the other in terms of visual-spatial imagery. Two experiments are reported in which three different classes of operations are brought to bear on the problem: (1) Manipulation of stimulus attributes (characteristics of problems), (2) manipulation of variables that selectively encourage or inhibit the use of imagery (facilitating instructions; the suppression of visualization by reading), and (3) measurement of relevant individual differences (spatial-reasoning ability). All of the results indicate that imagery plays a functional but not a necessary role in the solution of three-term series problems; it is suggested that imaginal representation is functional because it reduces the load on memory. An adequate explanation of problem-solving will have to address certain general issues, such as the diversity of forms of cognitive representation and differences within and between individuals in the choice of problem-solving strategies. 相似文献
892.
The present study presents evidence that young children's comprehension of the locatives ‘in’, ‘on’, and ‘under’ is, at least in part, contextually determined. Children aged 1;6–3;0 were given tasks with verbal instructions which were either contextually congruent or incongruent. The results were interpreted in terms of the non-linguistic as well as linguistic strategies apparently used to interpret speech. The results and interpretation are in contrast to those of earlier research. 相似文献
893.
This report presents termination and follow-up evaluations of a parent training program based on behavior modification principles. Treatment termination outcome data were obtained for 22 families, and follow-up data were collected on 14 of these families 3 and 8 months after treatment. Results indicated a fairly high level of success at termination on the basis of parent-collected observational data, parent attitude change toward the children, and parent attitude concerning the process and outcome of treatment. Modest levels of success were evidenced on the basis of behavioral data recorded by trained observers in the home. Families who participated in follow-up demonstrated greater cooperation and involvement with the treatment program than those who did not participate. In all other respects, however, these two groups were similar. Follow-up data on parent attitude measures demonstrated maintenance of the treatment effects. Parent observational data were incomplete, but also showed maintenance in follow-up. For the subsample of 14 cases, home observation records indicated a nonsignificant decline in deviant behavior at termination followed by a nonsignificant increase in deviant behavior during follow-up. The meaning and implications of these discrepant findings were discussed and compared with results from other laboratories. 相似文献
894.
Stephen L. Bloom 《Studia Logica》1975,34(1):1-9
Two characterizations are given of those structural consequence operations on a propositional language which can be defined via proofs from a finite number of polynomial rules. 相似文献
895.
Stephen R. Ellis 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1975,17(6):601-606
The differential propensity of fixated line stimuli to fragment and disappear from view was studied as a function of the gravitational orientation of the stimuli. The propensity to fragment was measured in terms of three intercorrelated dependent variables: the number of fragmentations per fixation period, the total duration of fragmentation per fixation period, and the latency to the first fragmentation. Unlike some anisotropic visual phenomena, which may reflect orientation-independent aspects of pattern perception, the observed anisotropy of propensity to fragment can be attributed overwhelmingly to the retinal orientation of the stimuli. Accordingly, this property of fragmentation need nof be ascribed to higher order aspects of pattern perception. 相似文献
896.
J. A. Scott Kelso Stephen A. Wallace George E. Stelmach Gary A. Weitz 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1975,27(1):123-129
Recently nerve compression block as a method of investigating movement control without kinaesthetic feedback has been questioned on the grounds that motor impairment (as measured by nerve conduction parameters) is a confounding factor. In order to clarify the relationship between sensory and motor function, behavioural data was obtained on both at systematic time intervals throughout the duration of the block. The findings indicated that significant decrements in tapping measures occurred somewhat earlier in the time course of the block than decreases in kinaesthetic discrimination. Also, contrary to assumption, the majority of subjects ceased to perform prior to total kinaesthetic loss. The data suggest that motor impairment is a “crucial” issue (Laszlo, 1966) in the use of this technique, and provide further behavioural support for the neurological findings of Kelso, Stelmach and Wanamaker (1974). 相似文献
897.
Repeating temporal patterns were presented in the auditory and visual modalities so that: (a) all elements were of equal intensity and were equally spaced in time (uniform presentation); (b) the intensity of one element was increased (accent presentation); or (c) the interval between two elements was increased (pause presentation). Intensity and interval patterning serve to segment the element sequence into repeating patterns.
For uniform presentation, pattern organization was by pattern structure, with auditory identification being faster. For pause presentation, organization was by the pauses; both auditory and visual identification were twice as fast as for uniform presentation. For auditory accent presentation, organization was by pattern structure and identification was slower than for uniform presentation. In contrast, the organization of visual accent presentation was by accents and identification was faster than for uniform presentation. These results suggest that complex stimuli, in which elements are patterned along more than one sensory dimension, are perceptually unique and therefore their identification rests on the nature of each modality. 相似文献
For uniform presentation, pattern organization was by pattern structure, with auditory identification being faster. For pause presentation, organization was by the pauses; both auditory and visual identification were twice as fast as for uniform presentation. For auditory accent presentation, organization was by pattern structure and identification was slower than for uniform presentation. In contrast, the organization of visual accent presentation was by accents and identification was faster than for uniform presentation. These results suggest that complex stimuli, in which elements are patterned along more than one sensory dimension, are perceptually unique and therefore their identification rests on the nature of each modality. 相似文献
898.
Twelve continuously reinforced rats were extinguished in a modified operant chamber, with an SD for goal-approach after each bar-press. Three groups of twelve rats each trained under FR 10 were extinguished with the SD for goal-approach after every 6, 10, or 14-bar-presses, respectively. Results showed: (1) number of bar-presses to extinction was a direct function of the bar-press to SD ratio during extinction, (2) number of food or goal-approaches was independent of both training and extinction conditions, and (3) prior to the breakdown in discrimination a revised response-unit hypothesis, based on a discrimination analysis of the effect of intermittent reinforcement, accurately predicted the number of bar-presses for each FR group. 相似文献
899.
Female clerical workers were rated on seven dimensions of job performance using behaviorally based rating scales, these 266 subjects responded to questionnaire items concerned with their expectations dealing with (1) whether their job effort resulted in effective performance (Expectancy I), and (2) whether job performance leads to reward outcomes (Expectancy II). These Expectancies were found not to be highly related to the measures of job performance in contrast to expectancy theory predictions. Satisfaction with reward outcomes was found to be differentially related to individuals' expectations that performance results in the attainment of particular outcomes. 相似文献
900.
Stephen E. Edgell Wilson S. Geisler Joseph L. Zinnes 《Journal of mathematical psychology》1973,10(1):86-90
The parameters of the models described by Rumelhart and Greeno in this journal (1971) are constrained in certain ways. Neglect of this fact in their paper leads them to an inadmissible set of parameter values, and an invalid argument and statement concerning the equivalence of two models. However, their conclusion that the Restle model fits their data better than the Luce model remains unchanged. 相似文献