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261.
Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is characterized by eccentric behavior and perceptual distortions that closely resemble
the patterns observed in those with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and related personality disorders (i.e., SPD) are associated
with deficits in sustained attention, slower than normal reaction times, and manifestations of working memory deficits and
erratic cognitive tasks. The present study used the schizotypal personality scale (STA) to compare cognitive abilities of
self-reported low schizotypic tendency subjects with high schizotypic tendency subjects. The group scores on the STA differed
significantly. Those with high STA scores also tended to have higher state and trait anxiety scores based on the State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The groups did not significantly differ on any of the demographic variables tested, including age,
education, self-rated health status, and medication. Along with an executive function test, two computerized tasks tested
subjects on reaction time and memory. Even when covariates (i.e., state, trait anxiety scores) were analyzed, there were no
significant differences between the groups and tasks, although the gathered data showed trends in the expected direction. 相似文献
262.
263.
Jennifer Stroh William Frankenberger La Vonne Cornell-Swanson Courtney Wood Stephanie Pahl 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(3):385-401
We examined parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and information sources regarding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),
including treatment with stimulant medication and behavioral interventions. Responses from parents with a child diagnosed
with ADHD and parents without a child diagnosed with ADHD were also compared. Participants consisted of 146 parents of elementary
age children from Wisconsin. The surveyed parents were aware of issues surrounding ADHD and the use of stimulant medication,
but there were several areas where they possessed inaccurate or incomplete factual information. Parents who had a child diagnosed
with ADHD rated the effects of stimulant medication more positively and side effects as less severe than other parents. They
also rated behavioral interventions as less effective on all questions. Implications of the study are discussed. 相似文献
264.
Glen E Bodner Stephanie M Stalinski 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2008,62(2):127-131
The authors used a cognitive load manipulation (rehearsing a string of digits during the trial) to test the automaticity of (a) masked repetition priming and (b) the masked repetition proportion (RP) effect (i.e., greater priming when the proportion of repetition-prime trials is higher) in the lexical decision task. The RP (.2 vs. .8) was varied across blocks. Masked priming was not reduced under load compared with a no-load group. Surprisingly, only the load group showed an RP effect in response latencies, although the no-load group showed an RP effect in the error rates. Our results show that masked priming is automatic, yet the influence of masked primes can nonetheless be adjusted at an unconscious level. Implications for accounts of masked priming are discussed. 相似文献
265.
Stephanie P da Silva Megan E Maxwell Kennon A Lattal 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,90(3):313-331
The contribution of past experiences to concurrent resurgence was investigated in three experiments. In Experiment 1, resurgence was related to the length of reinforcement history as well as the reinforcement schedule that previously maintained responding. Specifically, more resurgence occurred when key pecks had been reinforced on a variable-interval 1-min schedule than a variable-interval 6-min schedule, but this effect may have been due either to the differential reinforcement rates or differential response rates under the two schedules. When reinforcement rates were similar (Experiment 2), there was more resurgence of high-rate than low-rate responding. When response rates were similar (Experiment 3), resurgence was not related systematically to prior reinforcement rates. Taken together, these three experimental tests of concurrent resurgence illustrate that prior response rates are better predictors of resurgence than are prior reinforcement rates. 相似文献
266.
We investigated the time course of spatial-memory decay in rats using an eight-arm radial maze. It is well established that performance remains high with retention intervals as long as 4 h, but declines to chance with a 24-h retention interval (Beatty, W. W., & Shavalia, D. A. (1980b). Spatial memory in rats: time course of working memory and effect of anesthetics. Behavioral & Neural Biology, 28, 454-462). It is possible that 24 h reflects a genuine retention limitation of rat spatial memory. Alternatively, it may be possible to identify factors that might support memory performance even after very long delays. The current experiment was conducted to test the above two hypotheses. We evaluated performance using two intertrial intervals (24 and 48 h) and two retention intervals (1 and 25 h). Increasing the intertrial interval produced an approximately constant increase in performance for both retention intervals. This improvement is consistent with a trial-spacing effect (i.e., the superiority of spaced over massed trials). Rat spatial memory apparently lasts at least 25 h. 相似文献
267.
Compton RJ Carp J Chaddock L Fineman SL Quandt LC Ratliff JB 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2008,8(5):684-692
Worry is thought to involve a strategy of cognitive avoidance, in which internal verbalization acts to suppress threatening emotional imagery. This study tested the hypothesis that worry-prone individuals would exhibit patterns of between-hemisphere communication that reflect cognitive avoidance. Specifically, the hypothesis predicted slower transfer of threatening images from the left to the right hemisphere among worriers. Event-related potential (ERP) measures of interhemispheric transfer time supported this prediction. Left-to-right hemisphere transfer times for angry faces were relatively slower for individuals scoring high in self-reported worry compared with those scoring low, whereas transfer of happy and neutral faces did not differ between groups. These results suggest that altered interhemispheric communication may constitute one mechanism of cognitive avoidance in worry. 相似文献
268.
This study examined the influence of depression on error-monitoring and behavioral compensation after errors, two important aspects of cognitive control. Undergraduates differing in self-reported depression levels completed a modified Stroop task while error-related scalp potentials were recorded. Behaviorally, participants with higher depression scores were disproportionately slower and less accurate after errors in a task condition that included negative emotional words. Physiological results indicated that the amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), two indices of error detection, were not correlated with depression score. ERN amplitudes predicted behavioral slowdown after errors, but only among more depressed participants in the negative-word condition. Together, the results imply that depression is associated not with an error detection deficit, but rather with alterations in subsequent performance changes, once errors have been identified. 相似文献
269.
Kristin Duppong Hurley Ph.D. Stephanie Ingram B.A. J. Douglas Czyz B.S. Nicholas Juliano B.A. Evelyn Wilson M.H.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》2006,15(5):615-630
We describe a comprehensive program to train emergency shelter staff in effective methods for dealing with youth who have behavioral and emotional problems; assess the degree to which staff implemented the treatment approach; measure the impact of the intervention on shelter-wide incidents such as out-of-control behavior, runaways, and violence against other youth; and examine pre-post changes in staff experiences at the shelter via anonymous surveys. Overall, the short-term shelter staff indicated adequate implementation of the intervention. The rate of youth incidents at the shelter significantly declined from pre to post assessment. Direct-care staff ratings of their satisfaction with their proficiency in behavior management and teaching youth skills increased significantly from pre to post implementation. These findings suggest that it is feasible to deliver an effective staff-training program to improve the behavior management and social skills of youth residing in short-term care facilities within the child welfare system. 相似文献
270.