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251.
Matthew J. Sharps Elaine Newborg Stephanie Van Arsdall Jordan DeRuiter Bill Hayward Brianna Alcantar 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(4):320-327
Many people who report paranormal sightings (e.g., Bigfoot and UFO aliens) are apparently sincere. This places many such sightings
in the category of eyewitness errors, rather than of deliberate deception. Recent research has supported this idea; in an
earlier paper, we demonstrated that paranormal beliefs are facilitated by tendencies toward attention deficit hyperactive
disorder, dissociation, and depression. These characteristics predicted specific patterns of beliefs in several paranormal
phenomena. The present research addressed the question of whether such psychological tendencies would tend to create bias
in perception and interpretation as well as in belief- in whether a person’s identification of a given stimulus as paranormal
in nature would be influenced by the same factors previously demonstrated to influence paranormal beliefs. This hypothesis
was supported. Specifically, those with dissociative tendencies were significantly more likely to identify given stimulus
items as paranormal in nature than were those with lower dissociation scores. Dissociation was further shown to be related
to paranormal beliefs, consistent with earlier findings. Results are discussed in terms of the reconfigurative dynamics known
to operate in areas of human cognition such as eyewitness identification, and in terms of the generality of those effects
to the realm of paranormal sightings. 相似文献
252.
Bruno Berberian Stephanie Chambaron-Ginhac Axel Cleeremans 《Consciousness and cognition》2010,19(1):152-171
The goal of this study is to characterize observers’ abilities to detect gradual changes and to explore putative dissociations between conscious experience of change and behavioral adaptation to a changing stimulus. We developed a new experimental paradigm in which, on each trial, participants were shown a dot pattern on the screen. Next, the pattern disappeared and participants had to reproduce it. In some conditions, the target pattern was incrementally rotated over successive trials and participants were either informed or not of this change. We analyzed both awareness of the changes and the dynamics of behavioral adaptation, in a way that makes it possible to assess both variability and accuracy as they change over time. Results indicate a dissociation between change awareness and behavioral adaptation to the changes, and support the notion that unconscious representations of visual stimuli are more precise and detailed than previously suggested. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of change detection. 相似文献
253.
Anthony A. Wright Jeffrey S. Katz John Magnotti L. Caitlin Elmore Stephanie Babb Sarah alwin 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(2):243-249
Six pigeons were trained in a change detection task with four colors. They were shown two colored circles on a sample array,
followed by a test array with the color of one circle changed. The pigeons learned to choose the changed color and transferred
their performance to four unfamiliar colors, suggesting that they had learned a generalized concept of color change. They
also transferred performance to test delays several times their 50-msec training delay without prior delay training. The accurate
delay performance of several seconds suggests that their change detection was memory based, as opposed to a perceptual attentional
capture process. These experiments are the first to show that an animal species (pigeons, in this case) can learn a change
detection task identical to ones used to test human memory, thereby providing the possibility of directly comparing short-term
memory processing across species. 相似文献
254.
Student-based teaching evaluations are an integral component to institutions of higher education. Previous work on student-based teaching evaluations suggest that evaluations of instructors based upon “thin slice” 30-s video clips of them in the classroom correlate strongly with their end of the term “thick slice” student evaluations. This study’s results support previous findings, but also find that thick slice student evaluations are better than thin slice evaluations. The findings are interpreted to suggest that thick slice evaluations capture course content variables not reflected in thin slice evaluations. 相似文献
255.
Crystal D. Oberle Stephanie J. Engeling Senecae P. Ontiberos 《Social Psychology of Education》2010,13(4):499-509
In an investigation of students’ prejudicial biases against instructors who smoke, 61 female and 16 male undergraduates watched
and listened to a 20-min lecture about parasomnias, completed a survey asking for instructor evaluation ratings and ratings
of perceived learning, and completed a lecture-retention test with multiple-choice questions to assess actual learning. In
a between-subjects design, the lecture was given by either a man or woman, who was portrayed as a smoker or nonsmoker. The
instructors’ sex and smoking status did not affect the students’ perceived or actual learning (all p’s > .05). However, a significant interaction on the instructor evaluation ratings revealed that students rated the female
instructors equivalently (p = .78), but rated the smoker male instructor significantly lower than the nonsmoker male instructor (p = .01). These findings suggest that students hold prejudicial biases against male instructors who smoke, but that these biases
do not affect student learning. 相似文献
256.
Stephanie Patridge 《Philosophia》2008,36(2):181-193
Moralists hold that art criticism can and should take stock of moral considerations. Though moralists disagree over the proper
scope of ethical art criticism, they are unified in their acceptance of the consistency of valence thesis: when an artwork
fares poorly from the moral point of view, and this fact is art critically relevant, then it is thereby worse qua artwork.
In this paper, I argue that a commitment to moralism, however strong, is unattractive because it requires that we radically
revise our art critical practices in contexts where revision seems ill advised. I will consider two such cases, Pushkin’s
Eugene Onegin and Balthus’ Alice. When we further reflect on our actual art critical practices in cases like these, we find
that we do not have an unfailing commitment to the consistency of valence thesis. That is, some artworks are (artistically)
good because they are (morally) bad.
相似文献
Stephanie PatridgeEmail: |
257.
Michael J. Brusco Stephanie Stahl Douglas Steinley 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2008,61(2):439-452
The kappa coefficient is one of the most widely used measures for evaluating the agreement between two raters asked to assign N objects to one of K nominal categories. Weighted versions of kappa enable partial credit to be awarded for near agreement, most notably in the case of ordinal categories. An exact significance test for weighted kappa can be conducted by enumerating all rater agreement tables with the same fixed marginal frequencies as the observed table, and accumulating the probabilities for all tables that produce a weighted kappa index that is greater than or equal to the observed measure. Unfortunately, complete enumeration of all tables is computationally unwieldy for modest values of N and K. We present an implicit enumeration algorithm for conducting an exact test of weighted kappa, which can be applied to tables of non‐trivial size. The algorithm is particularly efficient for ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ values of weighted kappa that typically have very small p‐values. Therefore, our method is beneficial for situations where resampling tests are of limited value because the number of trials needed to estimate the p‐value tends to be large. 相似文献
258.
Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is characterized by eccentric behavior and perceptual distortions that closely resemble
the patterns observed in those with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and related personality disorders (i.e., SPD) are associated
with deficits in sustained attention, slower than normal reaction times, and manifestations of working memory deficits and
erratic cognitive tasks. The present study used the schizotypal personality scale (STA) to compare cognitive abilities of
self-reported low schizotypic tendency subjects with high schizotypic tendency subjects. The group scores on the STA differed
significantly. Those with high STA scores also tended to have higher state and trait anxiety scores based on the State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The groups did not significantly differ on any of the demographic variables tested, including age,
education, self-rated health status, and medication. Along with an executive function test, two computerized tasks tested
subjects on reaction time and memory. Even when covariates (i.e., state, trait anxiety scores) were analyzed, there were no
significant differences between the groups and tasks, although the gathered data showed trends in the expected direction. 相似文献
259.
This study examined age-related effects of individual DSM criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) and symptoms of depression and anxiety in three groups: patients diagnosed with BPD, another personality disorder, or no personality disorder. The goal was to determine if distinctive age effects emerged within the BPD group. This mixed clinical and community sample (N = 380) ranged from 20-50 years old. Each participant was assessed for symptoms of axis I and II psychopathology. We found significant interactions for personality disorder group x age for the suicidal behavior and impulsivity criteria that reflected distinctive changes in the BPD group. The BPD group reported significantly more anxious and depressive symptoms. However, no main effect for age or personality disorder x age interaction emerged with symptoms. These results demonstrate that older individuals with BPD report less impulsivity and fewer suicidal behaviors, although symptoms of distress persist. 相似文献
260.
Stephanie E Cassin Kristin M von Ranson Kenneth Heng Joti Brar Amy E Wojtowicz 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2008,22(3):417-425
In this randomized controlled trial, 108 women with binge-eating disorder (BED) recruited from the community were assigned to either an adapted motivational interviewing (AMI) group (1 individual AMI session + self-help handbook) or control group (handbook only). They were phoned 4, 8, and 16 weeks following the initial session to assess binge eating and associated symptoms (depression, self-esteem, quality of life). Postintervention, the AMI group participants were more confident than those in the control group in their ability to change binge eating. Although both groups reported improved binge eating, mood, self-esteem, and general quality of life 16 weeks following the intervention, the AMI group improved to a greater extent. A greater proportion of women in the AMI group abstained from binge eating (27.8% vs. 11.1%) and no longer met the binge frequency criterion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) for BED (87.0% vs. 57.4%). AMI may constitute a brief, effective intervention for BED and associated symptoms. 相似文献