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221.
222.
Stephanie T. Burns 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2010,88(4):483-490
Chronic pain affects 35% to 57% of the adult population in the United States and results in billions of dollars spent annually in direct health‐care costs and lost productivity. Extensive research confirms the considerable role psychological factors play in the experience and expression of chronic pain. The author discusses implications for counseling adult clients experiencing chronic pain, specifically interventions, interdisciplinary treatment approaches, treatment planning, diversity, and ethical/legal considerations. 相似文献
223.
Much research on cognitive development focuses either on early-emerging domain-specific knowledge or domain-general learning mechanisms. However, little research examines how these sources of knowledge interact. Previous research suggests that young infants can make inferences from samples to populations (Xu & Garcia, 2008) and 11- to 12.5-month-old infants can integrate psychological and physical knowledge in probabilistic reasoning (Teglas, Girotto, Gonzalez, & Bonatti, 2007; Xu & Denison, 2009). Here, we ask whether infants can integrate a physical constraint of immobility into a statistical inference mechanism. Results from three experiments suggest that, first, infants were able to use domain-specific knowledge to override statistical information, reasoning that sometimes a physical constraint is more informative than probabilistic information. Second, we provide the first evidence that infants are capable of applying domain-specific knowledge in probabilistic reasoning by using a physical constraint to exclude one set of objects while computing probabilities over the remaining sets. 相似文献
224.
Matthew J. Sharps Elaine Newborg Stephanie Van Arsdall Jordan DeRuiter Bill Hayward Brianna Alcantar 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(4):320-327
Many people who report paranormal sightings (e.g., Bigfoot and UFO aliens) are apparently sincere. This places many such sightings
in the category of eyewitness errors, rather than of deliberate deception. Recent research has supported this idea; in an
earlier paper, we demonstrated that paranormal beliefs are facilitated by tendencies toward attention deficit hyperactive
disorder, dissociation, and depression. These characteristics predicted specific patterns of beliefs in several paranormal
phenomena. The present research addressed the question of whether such psychological tendencies would tend to create bias
in perception and interpretation as well as in belief- in whether a person’s identification of a given stimulus as paranormal
in nature would be influenced by the same factors previously demonstrated to influence paranormal beliefs. This hypothesis
was supported. Specifically, those with dissociative tendencies were significantly more likely to identify given stimulus
items as paranormal in nature than were those with lower dissociation scores. Dissociation was further shown to be related
to paranormal beliefs, consistent with earlier findings. Results are discussed in terms of the reconfigurative dynamics known
to operate in areas of human cognition such as eyewitness identification, and in terms of the generality of those effects
to the realm of paranormal sightings. 相似文献
225.
Bruno Berberian Stephanie Chambaron-Ginhac Axel Cleeremans 《Consciousness and cognition》2010,19(1):152-171
The goal of this study is to characterize observers’ abilities to detect gradual changes and to explore putative dissociations between conscious experience of change and behavioral adaptation to a changing stimulus. We developed a new experimental paradigm in which, on each trial, participants were shown a dot pattern on the screen. Next, the pattern disappeared and participants had to reproduce it. In some conditions, the target pattern was incrementally rotated over successive trials and participants were either informed or not of this change. We analyzed both awareness of the changes and the dynamics of behavioral adaptation, in a way that makes it possible to assess both variability and accuracy as they change over time. Results indicate a dissociation between change awareness and behavioral adaptation to the changes, and support the notion that unconscious representations of visual stimuli are more precise and detailed than previously suggested. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of change detection. 相似文献
226.
Anthony A. Wright Jeffrey S. Katz John Magnotti L. Caitlin Elmore Stephanie Babb Sarah alwin 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(2):243-249
Six pigeons were trained in a change detection task with four colors. They were shown two colored circles on a sample array,
followed by a test array with the color of one circle changed. The pigeons learned to choose the changed color and transferred
their performance to four unfamiliar colors, suggesting that they had learned a generalized concept of color change. They
also transferred performance to test delays several times their 50-msec training delay without prior delay training. The accurate
delay performance of several seconds suggests that their change detection was memory based, as opposed to a perceptual attentional
capture process. These experiments are the first to show that an animal species (pigeons, in this case) can learn a change
detection task identical to ones used to test human memory, thereby providing the possibility of directly comparing short-term
memory processing across species. 相似文献
227.
Student-based teaching evaluations are an integral component to institutions of higher education. Previous work on student-based teaching evaluations suggest that evaluations of instructors based upon “thin slice” 30-s video clips of them in the classroom correlate strongly with their end of the term “thick slice” student evaluations. This study’s results support previous findings, but also find that thick slice student evaluations are better than thin slice evaluations. The findings are interpreted to suggest that thick slice evaluations capture course content variables not reflected in thin slice evaluations. 相似文献
228.
Crystal D. Oberle Stephanie J. Engeling Senecae P. Ontiberos 《Social Psychology of Education》2010,13(4):499-509
In an investigation of students’ prejudicial biases against instructors who smoke, 61 female and 16 male undergraduates watched
and listened to a 20-min lecture about parasomnias, completed a survey asking for instructor evaluation ratings and ratings
of perceived learning, and completed a lecture-retention test with multiple-choice questions to assess actual learning. In
a between-subjects design, the lecture was given by either a man or woman, who was portrayed as a smoker or nonsmoker. The
instructors’ sex and smoking status did not affect the students’ perceived or actual learning (all p’s > .05). However, a significant interaction on the instructor evaluation ratings revealed that students rated the female
instructors equivalently (p = .78), but rated the smoker male instructor significantly lower than the nonsmoker male instructor (p = .01). These findings suggest that students hold prejudicial biases against male instructors who smoke, but that these biases
do not affect student learning. 相似文献
229.
Stephanie Patridge 《Philosophia》2008,36(2):181-193
Moralists hold that art criticism can and should take stock of moral considerations. Though moralists disagree over the proper
scope of ethical art criticism, they are unified in their acceptance of the consistency of valence thesis: when an artwork
fares poorly from the moral point of view, and this fact is art critically relevant, then it is thereby worse qua artwork.
In this paper, I argue that a commitment to moralism, however strong, is unattractive because it requires that we radically
revise our art critical practices in contexts where revision seems ill advised. I will consider two such cases, Pushkin’s
Eugene Onegin and Balthus’ Alice. When we further reflect on our actual art critical practices in cases like these, we find
that we do not have an unfailing commitment to the consistency of valence thesis. That is, some artworks are (artistically)
good because they are (morally) bad.
相似文献
Stephanie PatridgeEmail: |
230.
Michael J. Brusco Stephanie Stahl Douglas Steinley 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2008,61(2):439-452
The kappa coefficient is one of the most widely used measures for evaluating the agreement between two raters asked to assign N objects to one of K nominal categories. Weighted versions of kappa enable partial credit to be awarded for near agreement, most notably in the case of ordinal categories. An exact significance test for weighted kappa can be conducted by enumerating all rater agreement tables with the same fixed marginal frequencies as the observed table, and accumulating the probabilities for all tables that produce a weighted kappa index that is greater than or equal to the observed measure. Unfortunately, complete enumeration of all tables is computationally unwieldy for modest values of N and K. We present an implicit enumeration algorithm for conducting an exact test of weighted kappa, which can be applied to tables of non‐trivial size. The algorithm is particularly efficient for ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ values of weighted kappa that typically have very small p‐values. Therefore, our method is beneficial for situations where resampling tests are of limited value because the number of trials needed to estimate the p‐value tends to be large. 相似文献