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151.
Gilad Hirschberger Uri Lifshin Stephanie Seeman Tsachi Ein‐Dor Tom Pyszczynski 《European journal of social psychology》2017,47(3):304-319
Three studies examined the effect of historical trauma reminders and criticism from international allies on attitudes toward current conflicts. In Study 1, Israeli participants (N = 116) were primed with the Holocaust, and read either that the U.S. President Obama supports Israel's right to defend itself and attack Iran, or that he opposes such action. Then, support for preemptive violence was assessed. Study 2 (N = 133) replicated this design, comparing inclusive and exclusive framings of the Holocaust. Study 3 (N = 478), examined the effect of Holocaust reminders and criticism from the European Union on attitudes toward militant policies against Palestinians. All three studies found that Holocaust primes juxtaposed with international criticism increased support for aggression, especially under exclusive framings of the Holocaust. Study 3, however, found this effect only among left‐wing participants. These findings indicate that when historical trauma is salient, international criticism may be ineffective and may even backfire. 相似文献
152.
Stephanie A. Moberg Rowena Ng Dana E. Johnson Maria G. Kroupina 《Infant mental health journal》2017,38(5):575-587
Internationally adopted (IA) children have often experienced early adversity and are at risk for long‐term deficiencies in multiple developmental domains. This study examined the association between IA children's joint attention (JA) soon after arrival and later cognitive, communicative, and socioemotional competency 6 months’ postadoption. We expected a child's initial JA would positively predict later cognitive, communication, and social ability. IA children (n = 63) adopted from Eastern Europe were seen soon after their arrival into the United States to assess their JA. Their socioemotional competency, social communication, and cognitive abilities were measured at a follow‐up session 6 months’ postadoption. We found that higher order JA was positively associated with measures of social relatedness. Furthermore, individual hierarchical regressions of each measure of JA (higher order JA, initiating JA, responding to JA, and initiating behavior requests [BR]) considered with age‐at‐adoption showed that each measure was an independent and positive predictor of Mullen outcomes in the receptive and expressive language domains. These results suggest that JA may be a sensitive predictor of subsequent functioning in the social, communicative, and cognitive domains. Thus, assessing JA soon after arrival has the potential to identify at‐risk IA children, and interventions targeting JA may support those children in overcoming the negative impacts of early adversity. 相似文献
153.
Stephanie S. Daniel PhD David B. Goldston PhD Alaattin Erkanli PhD Nicole Heilbron PhD Joseph C. Franklin PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2017,47(4):436-449
This prospective, naturalistic study examined the association between major loss life experiences, other psychiatric risk factors (depression, hopelessness, and anxiety), and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) among adolescents followed through young adulthood for up to 14 years. Major loss life events were related to subsequent increases in STBs. Major loss life events were primarily related to increases in suicide ideation in the presence of lower levels of other risk factors. There was a bidirectional relationship between major losses and other risk factors. Implications for the association between loss experiences, other risk factors, and future STBs are discussed. 相似文献
154.
Erin Adamson Gillespie Stephanie M. Noble 《Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management》2017,37(3):228-249
Although managers and researchers put utmost importance on uncovering factors that affect effort and performance of sales representatives, they have largely overlooked a key factor. This research aims to remedy this neglect by shedding light on salesperson brand attachment. A qualitative study first examines the prevalence of attachment and uncovers several potential antecedents. Two follow-up empirical studies show that identification and psychological ownership are significant predictors of salesperson brand attachment. Informed by this research, managers can encourage brand attachment, with the end goal of increasing salesperson effort and ultimately performance, by increasing feelings of identification and psychological ownership among salespeople. This impact is particularly notable among brands with low market share, which are often a key concern of managers. The findings provide novel insights into how attachment affects sales representatives, as well as potential methods to cultivate such an attachment. 相似文献
155.
Is the state a collective agent? Are citizens responsible for what their states do? If not citizens, then who, if anyone, is responsible for what the state does? Many different sub‐disciplines of philosophy are relevant for answering these questions. We need to know what “the state” is, who or what it's composed of, and what relation the parts stand in to the whole. Once we know what it is, we need to know whether that thing is an agent, in particular a moral agent capable of taking moral responsibility for its actions. We have to know what it takes for it to be capable of moral responsibility, e.g., what the functional equivalents in groups (or in that kind of group in particular) are of knowledge, intention, foreseeability, recklessness, and so on. And once we've established that it is an agent, and is responsible for what it does, we have to explain whether and in what way this implicates members, i.e., whether state responsibility distributes to the (compositional) members of states, whoever they may be (“citizens” is one possibility, but there are many). Answers to these questions come from metaphysics, social ontology, action theory, epistemology, political theory, and ethics. In what follows, we'll give an outline of some different ways of answering these questions. 相似文献
156.
Michael Craig Christopher Knowles Stephanie Hill Michaela Dewar 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2021,28(2):30
Awake quiescence immediately after encoding is conducive to episodic memory consolidation. Retrieval can render episodic memories labile again, but reconsolidation can modify and restrengthen them. It remained unknown whether awake quiescence after retrieval supports episodic memory reconsolidation. We sought to examine this question via an object-location memory paradigm. We failed to probe the effect of quiescence on reconsolidation, but we did observe an unforeseen “delayed” effect of quiescence on consolidation. Our findings reveal that the beneficial effect of quiescence on episodic memory consolidation is not restricted to immediately following encoding but can be achieved at a delayed stage and even following a period of task engagement.For labile new memories to be remembered they must be consolidated, that is, strengthened and stabilized, over time (Dudai 2004; Wixted 2004). Extensive research demonstrates that postencoding sleep and awake quiescence (quiet rest) are conducive to human episodic memory consolidation (Clemens et al. 2005; Ferrara et al. 2008; Lahl et al. 2008; Wamsley et al. 2010; Dewar et al. 2012, 2014; Gaskell et al. 2014; Mercer 2015; Brokaw et al. 2016; Craig and Dewar 2018; Craig et al. 2019; Sacripante et al. 2019). Sleep and wakeful rest are hypothesized to support consolidation by providing a state of reduced sensory input and task engagement (Hasselmo 1999; Wixted 2004; Mednick et al. 2011; Dewar et al. 2012, 2014; Craig and Dewar 2018; Craig et al. 2019).Memories are not destined to remain fixed and unmodifiable once consolidated. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the cueing or retrieval of consolidated memories, for example, via internally or externally generated exposure to learned materials (Wichert et al. 2011; Agren 2014), can return such memories into a labile state (Dudai and Eisenberg 2004; McKenzie and Eichenbaum 2011; Schwabe et al. 2014). These relabilized memories are thought to require a process of “reconsolidation” (Rodriguez et al. 1993; Przybyslawski and Sara 1997) in order to restabilize and persist. Evidence for reconsolidation in humans comes from research demonstrating that memories can be disrupted and/or updated by the application of treatments shortly following their retrieval. This includes (1) the disruption and modification of episodic memories via the presentation of similar/related materials (Loftus 2005; Hupbach et al. 2007), (2) a reduction in the number of traumatic memory intrusions following postretrieval engagement in visuospatial tasks (Deeprose et al. 2012; James et al. 2015; Hagenaars et al. 2017), and (3) the extinction of fear memories and increased forgetting of emotional memories via the administration of pharmaceuticals and electrophysiological stimulation (Cahill et al. 1994; Debiec and Ledoux 2004; Kroes et al. 2014). In all cases, the effect of postretrieval treatment is seen only for memories that are retrieved (e.g., via a memory test or cue) prior to the treatment. Memories that were not retrieved (i.e., controls) were unaffected, indicating that the treatment hampered reconsolidation specifically.Episodic memory reconsolidation can also be enhanced. Of particular interest to our study is the finding that reconsolidation, like consolidation, benefits from sleep. If recently or remotely encoded episodic memories are reactivated before an extended period of sleep, the reactivated memories are protected against further forgetting (for reviews, see Stickgold and Walker 2007; Dudai 2012; Spiers and Bendor 2014). Moreover, even naps benefit reconsolidation. It has been shown that a short 40-min nap period facilitated the reconsolidation of remote memories, whereas recently encoded memories did not benefit at all (Klinzing et al. 2016). It is possible that, as is the case for consolidation, sleep is conducive to reconsolidation because it provides a state of reduced cognitive engagement and sensory input (Hasselmo 1999; Wixted 2004; Mednick et al. 2011; Dewar et al. 2012). If so, awake quiescence, which has this in common with sleep, should also be conducive to reconsolidation.In the study reported here, we examined whether a period of awake quiescence following retrieval protects episodic memories from further forgetting by facilitating their reconsolidation. To this end, we combined a computerized item-location memory test with a modified version of our established consolidation paradigm, which compares between-subject effects of postencoding rest versus task engagement on recently encoded memories (e.g., Dewar et al. 2012). Item-location memory tests have previously been sensitive to the effects of postretrieval (reconsolidation) manipulations, including sleep (e.g., Klinzing et al. 2016) hence, subtle differences in memory scores can be recorded. Figure 1 provides an overview of the procedure. Sixty young adults (mean age = 21.47 yr, SD = 1.79 yr; 26M:34F) were sequentially presented photos of 60 everyday items in unique locations on a 22-in touchscreen computer monitor. Immediately after each object''s presentation, participants were asked to recall the object''s location via a touchscreen response as part of a “short-term spatial memory test” (encoding). They were unaware that they would perform subsequent long-term memory tests pertaining to the locations of these items. Location memory for half (N = 30) of the encoded items (“retrieved items”) was probed in a first delayed recall test that occurred after a 10-min delay filled with a visual spot-the-difference game (Dewar et al. 2012). There was no overlap between encoded items and spot-the-difference game stimuli. The first delayed recall test was followed by one of two postretrieval 10-min delay periods: (1) awake quiescence (quiet resting under strict conditions of minimal sensory input in a dimly lit room; N = 30 participants), or (2) a further filler task (a spot-the-difference game comprising different stimuli to earlier; N = 30 participants) (Dewar et al. 2012). Memory for the location of all 60 encoded items was then probed via a second delayed recall test. This test included the 30 items that were probed during the first delayed recall test (retrieved items) and the 30 control items that were not probed during the first delayed recall test (nonretrieved items). Our key measure was the distance of error (in centimeters) between the initially presented locations of the everyday objects during encoding, and the recalled location during the first and second delayed recall tests. We also recorded the time that participants took to respond as well as confidence ratings during encoding and the first and second delayed recall tests. Analyzes were performed using SPSS 19 using ANOVAs, RM ANOVAs. and follow up t-tests that were used to investigate possible between-group differences. See the Supplemental Materials for detailed methods.Open in a separate windowFigure 1.Experimental paradigm. Participants were presented 60 photos of unique everyday items from the Mnemonic Similarity Task (e.g., Stark et al. 2013) in unique locations on a computer screen. They then experienced 10 min of a postencoding delay task (a spot-the-difference game). Memory for the location of half of the encoded items (N = 30) was then probed via a first delayed recall test (via touchscreen response), before participants completed one of two postretrieval delay periods, each of which was 10 min in duration: awake quiescence (N = 30) (A), or an engaging perceptual task (a further spot-the-difference game comprising different stimuli to the earlier one) (N = 30) (B). In the subsequent second delayed recall test, participants’ memory for the location of all the retrieved and nonretrieved items was probed (N = 60) (via touchscreen response). The experimental procedure took place in a single session.Given that our manipulation occurred during the postretrieval delay, we expected groups to be matched in their encoding, postencoding delay task, and first delayed memory test. Crucially, if postretrieval awake quiescence is conducive to episodic memory reconsolidation, then those who experience awake quiescence after the first delayed recall test should demonstrate less forgetting of “retrieved” items (smaller distances of error scores) in the second delayed recall test relative to those who experience the filler task after the first delayed recall test. Given that “control” items were not retrieved during the first delayed recall test immediately prior to our experimental manipulation (postretrieval quiescence vs. task), we predicted that memory (distance of error scores) for control items should be matched between groups in the second delayed recall test.Data from two participants (perceptual task group) were lost due to technical issues. Thus, the following analyzes report data from 58 participants (quiescence group: N = 30, perceptual task group: N = 28). The two groups were well matched in their backgrounds and performance of the postencoding delay task (spot-the-difference game) (see the Supplemental Material). Moreover, as expected, the two groups were well matched in all memory measures occurring prior to our experimental manipulation. Specifically, we found no significant main effect of group in the mean distance of error (in centimeters) during (1) encoding of the items (quiescence: mean = 1.84 cm, SD = 0.57; perceptual task: mean = 2.00 cm, SD = 0.47; F(1,56) = 1.303, P = .259, η2ρ = 0.023), (2) the first delayed recall test of the 30 “retrieved” items (quiescence: mean = 13.36 cm, SD = 3.37; perceptual task: mean = 14.17 cm, SD = 3.67; F(1,56) = = 0.775, P = 0.383, η2ρ = 0.014), or (3) the response times and confidence ratings in the first delayed recall test (see the Supplemental Material).The second delayed recall test was completed immediately following our experimental manipulation, where participants experienced 10 min of either (1) awake quiescence (N = 30 participants), or (2) ongoing sensory input and cognitive engagement via an unrelated perceptual task (a different spot-the-difference game; Dewar et al. 2012) (N = 30 participants). This delayed recall test included the 30 items that were probed during the first delayed recall test (retrieved items) and the 30 control items that were not probed during the first delayed recall test (nonretrieved items). A RM ANOVA comprised of within-subject factor item type (retrieved vs. nonretrieved) and between-subject factor group (awake quiescence vs. perceptual task) revealed no significant main effect of group in distance of error scores (in centimeters; F(1,56) = 0.686, P = 0.411, η2ρ = 0.012). We did, however, find a significant main effect of item type (retrieved vs. nonretrieved; F(1,56) = 14.138, P < 0.001, η2ρ = 0.202) because, overall, the distance of error (in centimeters) was larger for nonretrieved (mean = 14.56 cm, SD = 3.49 cm) than retrieved (mean = 13.36 cm, SD = 3.38 cm) items. There was a significant interaction between group (awake quiescence vs. perceptual task) and item type (retrieved vs. nonretrieved; F(1,56) = 4.561, P = 0.037, η2ρ = 0.075).Paired t-tests revealed that the above interaction emerged because, in the perceptual task group, the distance of error was significantly larger for nonretrieved (mean = 15.27, SD = 3.32 cm) than retrieved (mean = 13.37 cm, SD = 3.64 cm) items (t(27) = −5.05, P < 0.001; see Fig. 2). This significant finding survived Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (α level of 0.050/four comparisons = corrected α level of 0.013). This was not the case in the quiescence group, where no significant item type difference was observed (retrieved: mean = 13.36 cm, SD = 3.49 cm; nonretrieved: mean = 13.89 cm, SD = 3.26 cm; t(29) = −1.018, P = 0.317). Independent t-tests revealed no effect of delay group in the distance of error for retrieved items (quiescence: mean = 13.36 cm, SD = 3.49 cm; task: mean = 13.37, SD = 3.33; t(56) = −0.008, P = 0.994) or nonretrieved items (quiescence: mean = 13.88 cm, SD = 3.26 cm; task: mean = 15.27 cm, SD = 3.64 cm; t(56) = −1.530, P = 0.132). The groups were matched in their second delayed recall test response times and confidence ratings (see the Supplemental Material).Open in a separate windowFigure 2.Memory performance in the second delayed recall test. Mean distance of error (in centimeters) in the second delayed recall test for items that were and were not “retrieved,” that is, probed, during the first delayed recall test. The data for both the quiescence and task groups are shown. Distance of error refers to the deviation in location from the initially presented location of each item. Error bars show the standard error of the mean. Full lines show between-group comparisons (quiescence vs. task) of distance of error (in centimeters) scores, and dashed lines show within-subject comparisons (retrieved vs. nonretrieved).Our data reveal comparable delayed recall performance for recently retrieved item locations in participants who rested quietly after retrieval and those who played a spot-the-difference game after retrieval (see the “retrieved” data in Fig. 2). Although these findings could suggest that awake quiescence had no effect on the reconsolidation of item-location memories, methodological shortfalls (discussed below) render this conclusion unlikely. However, we did find an unforeseen beneficial effect of quiescence for nonretrieved versus retrieved photo locations: Those who experienced the spot-the-difference game in the second delay phase demonstrated significant forgetting of nonretrieved items relative to retrieved items, whereas those who experienced awake quiescence in the second delay phase did not demonstrate such forgetting (see the “nonretrieved” data in Fig. 2). We discuss these two key findings in turn.Why did we not observe any effects of postretrieval awake quiescence on reconsolidation in our study? One possibility is that, unlike sleep, awake quiescence simply does not benefit reconsolidation. A much more likely possibility is that methodological shortfalls mean that our study did not in fact probe reconsolidation. This may be true for a few reasons. First, sometimes retrieval is not sufficient to reactivate memories and reintroduce them into a labile state (e.g., Cammarota et al. 2004; Forcato et al. 2009). In fact, the protective effect of retrieval against forgetting is well documented, even over a delay of a few minutes (Karpicke and Roediger 2008; Roediger and Butler 2011), possibly because it provides a “fast route to consolidation” of new memories (Antony et al. 2017). Notwithstanding the power of retrieval to boost memory, the research discussed earlier shows that memories reactivated via retrieval can (still) benefit from postretrieval sleep. Do these studies differ from our own with regards to memory reactivation? Possibly, reactivation in our study occurred after a short delay (10 min). It is possible that retrieval was so effective at protecting against forgetting in our study because it occurred shortly after encoding and during the initial consolidation of memory traces. Indeed, studies investigating the role of different treatments (e.g., sleep, pharmaceuticals) in reconsolidation typically require participants to retrieve previously encoded memories after a much longer delay period (several hours to days). After lengthy delays such as those, encoded memories would be expected to have completed initial consolidation, or at least be much further along in the consolidation process than in our study. The 10-min delay in our study might simply have been too short for memories to consolidate sufficiently to be relabilized again. As a result, retrieval might have simply strengthened memories against forgetting and did not sufficiently return them to a labile state. These methodological shortfalls mean that our study is unlikely to have probed reconsolidation effectively. Therefore, we cannot conclude whether postretrieval awake quiescence benefits the reconsolidation of episodic memories.How can we explain the unforeseen finding that “postretrieval” awake quiescence protected against subsequent forgetting for nonretrieved (control) items, which were not probed in the first delayed recall test? Our data reveal an effect of delayed rest that was on par with the overall beneficial effect of retrieval-mediated memory reactivation (i.e., the well-established effect of retrieval practice; see above). The findings suggest that in the task group, the lack of reactivation for nonretrieved items in the first delayed recall test negatively affected these memories. However, in the quiescence group, this lack of reactivation was offset by delayed rest, which seemingly had a similarly beneficial effect on nonretrieved memories. It is unlikely that this benefit of delayed rest can be explained by intentional rehearsal. The occurrence of quiet rest after a 10-min filled delay, as opposed to immediately after encoding, makes it unlikely that participants rehearsed the nonretrieved items during the rest period because they would require explicit knowledge that they had been tested on only half of the encoded items in the first delayed recall test and spend their time rehearsing what they could recall from the subset of items that were not tested. While this does not rule out rehearsal completely, our findings reinforce recent data (e.g., Dewar et al. 2014) showing that rest-related enhancements in memory cannot simply be explained by intentional rehearsal. A consolidation account can provide a more likely explanation.Previous research on the beneficial effect of awake quiescence on memory has focused on immediate rest (i.e., rest periods occurring immediately following encoding) (Dewar et al. 2007, 2012, 2014; Craig et al. 2015, 2016; Mercer 2015; Brokaw et al. 2016; Craig and Dewar 2018; Humiston and Wamsley 2018; Sacripante et al. 2019). The rationale for this focus has been that new memories are most labile upon their initial formation (Mednick et al. 2011; Wixted and Cai 2013), and thus, supportive or disruptive interventions applied during this time should be most effective. The findings of the current study suggest that the effect of awake quiescence is sufficiently powerful to influence new memories even 10–20 min after encoding, that is, when memories have—presumably—benefited from some initial consolidation and are no longer highly labile. Moreover, they indicate that awake quiescence can support the consolidation of new memories even if the awake quiescence occurs after a period of task engagement rather than immediately after encoding. The latter hypothesis resonates with the view that consolidation is an opportunistic process (Mednick et al. 2011) and raises interesting questions about how late the onset of rest would need to be for it to no longer facilitate the consolidation of new memories. This remains to be established, but we predict that the benefit of quiescence should diminish in accordance with increasing delay in the onset of the rest period as memories are increasingly stabilized through consolidation that occurs independently of that during intentional rest. Investigation of this question may provide insights into the initial timeline of episodic memory consolidation, which is characterized poorly. Thus, more work is required to establish whether a relationship exists between the precision of item location memory and the time lag between initial encoding and postencoding quiescence.In summary, methodological shortfalls mean that we failed to probe the possible effect of awake quiescence on episodic memory reconsolidation. Nonetheless, we unexpectedly revealed that awake quiescence following encoding reduces forgetting, even when experienced at a delayed point in time and following a period of task engagement. This finding indicates that awake quiescence need not commence immediately following encoding to benefit memory consolidation, at least for object location memories. Further investigation and independent replication of this effect are required to better understand the underlying mechanisms and implications of our unexpected finding. 相似文献
157.
158.
Jeongmin Lee Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski 《The British journal of educational psychology》2022,92(3):974-993
Contextualizing the role of teachers in social-emotional learning (SEL) in Malawi, we examine how teachers’ comfort with, commitment to, and perceived school culture toward SEL relate to their actual teaching of it. Using surveys from 432 primary school teachers (20–60 years old), we found teacher comfort and supportive school culture were positively related to integration of SEL into classroom instruction, while commitment had no statistically significant relationship with implementation. We explore plausible explanations for these findings by interviewing 42 teachers. Together, our findings highlight the importance of teacher support systems and cultural compatibility of the curriculum for successful SEL implementation. 相似文献
159.
Stephanie Merritt Cari Gardner Christina Banister Amy Staley 《Journal of applied social psychology》2018,48(2):80-89
Imagined intergroup contact (IIC) has been demonstrated to alleviate prejudice toward social groups as a whole, but the extent to which it prevents biases in ratings of individual job candidates has not yet been examined. This study uses a simulated employment interview where a female candidate either higher or lower in body fat is rated by participants who have undergone an IIC or a control manipulation. IIC successfully alleviated discrimination in ratings of interviewee competence but had no significant effect on ratings of warmth. Competence ratings fully mediated the effect of the two‐way interaction of IIC and interviewee body fat on a dichotomous hiring recommendation provided 1 week later. IIC may be an effective and inexpensive intervention for reducing bias in job interview contexts. 相似文献
160.
Previous research has demonstrated that anxious individuals attend to negative emotional information at the expense of other information. This is commonly referred to as attentional bias. The field has historically conceived of this process as relatively static; however, research by [Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., &; Koster, E. H. W. (2014). Dynamics of attentional bias to threat in anxious adults: Bias towards and/or away? PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104025; Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., &; Koster, E. H. W. (2015). Temporal dynamics of attentional bias. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(5), 772–788.], and others, challenges this assumption by demonstrating considerable temporal variability in attentional bias amongst anxious individuals. Still, the mechanisms driving these temporal dynamics are less well known. Using a modified dot-probe task, the present study examined the impact of two relevant contextual variables- affective valence and trial repetition. Affective context was instantiated by the presentation of negative versus neutral pictures before each trial, while repetition context was achieved via the presentation of the valenced pictures in either a blocked- or mixed-trial design. Results indicate that individuals with higher trait-anxiety levels were significantly more influenced by blocked presentations of negative affective information, leading to greater temporal fluctuations in attentional bias. Furthermore, our findings provide additional evidence that attentional bias is best conceptualised as dynamic and variable, and that an individual’s affective experience is one factor that regulates attentional bias dynamics. Implications relating to theoretical and methodological factors are discussed. 相似文献