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241.
This study examined the influence of depression on error-monitoring and behavioral compensation after errors, two important aspects of cognitive control. Undergraduates differing in self-reported depression levels completed a modified Stroop task while error-related scalp potentials were recorded. Behaviorally, participants with higher depression scores were disproportionately slower and less accurate after errors in a task condition that included negative emotional words. Physiological results indicated that the amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), two indices of error detection, were not correlated with depression score. ERN amplitudes predicted behavioral slowdown after errors, but only among more depressed participants in the negative-word condition. Together, the results imply that depression is associated not with an error detection deficit, but rather with alterations in subsequent performance changes, once errors have been identified. 相似文献
242.
Kristin Duppong Hurley Ph.D. Stephanie Ingram B.A. J. Douglas Czyz B.S. Nicholas Juliano B.A. Evelyn Wilson M.H.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》2006,15(5):615-630
We describe a comprehensive program to train emergency shelter staff in effective methods for dealing with youth who have behavioral and emotional problems; assess the degree to which staff implemented the treatment approach; measure the impact of the intervention on shelter-wide incidents such as out-of-control behavior, runaways, and violence against other youth; and examine pre-post changes in staff experiences at the shelter via anonymous surveys. Overall, the short-term shelter staff indicated adequate implementation of the intervention. The rate of youth incidents at the shelter significantly declined from pre to post assessment. Direct-care staff ratings of their satisfaction with their proficiency in behavior management and teaching youth skills increased significantly from pre to post implementation. These findings suggest that it is feasible to deliver an effective staff-training program to improve the behavior management and social skills of youth residing in short-term care facilities within the child welfare system. 相似文献
243.
244.
Jeongmin Lee Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski 《The British journal of educational psychology》2022,92(3):974-993
Contextualizing the role of teachers in social-emotional learning (SEL) in Malawi, we examine how teachers’ comfort with, commitment to, and perceived school culture toward SEL relate to their actual teaching of it. Using surveys from 432 primary school teachers (20–60 years old), we found teacher comfort and supportive school culture were positively related to integration of SEL into classroom instruction, while commitment had no statistically significant relationship with implementation. We explore plausible explanations for these findings by interviewing 42 teachers. Together, our findings highlight the importance of teacher support systems and cultural compatibility of the curriculum for successful SEL implementation. 相似文献
245.
Compton RJ Carp J Chaddock L Fineman SL Quandt LC Ratliff JB 《Brain and cognition》2007,64(3):247-256
This study tested the prediction that the error-related negativity (ERN), a physiological measure of error monitoring, would be enhanced in anxious individuals, particularly in conditions with threatening cues. Participants made gender judgments about faces whose expressions were either happy, angry, or neutral. Replicating prior studies, midline scalp negativities were greater following errors than following correct responses. In addition, state anxiety interacted with facial expression to predict ERN amplitudes. Counter to predictions, participants high in state anxiety displayed smaller ERNs for angry-face blocks and larger ERNs for happy-face blocks, compared to less anxious participants. These results are inconsistent with the simple notion that anxiety enhances error sensitivity globally. Rather, we interpret the findings within an expectancy violation framework, in which anxious participants have altered expectations for success and failure in the context of happy and angry facial cues, with greater ERN amplitudes when expectations are violated. 相似文献
246.
David F. Ross Tanja Rapus Benton Stephanie McDonnell Richard Metzger Christopher Silver 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(5):677-690
Research has found support for a ‘pop‐out effect’ that occurs when witnesses who accurately identify a criminal from a lineup are faster and uses more automatic processing than inaccurate witnesses who misidentify a foil. We present evidence that this finding may not occur with biased lineups. Witnesses to a mock theft were asked to make a lineup identification and three types of witnesses were compared: (1) accurate witnesses who identified a thief, (2) inaccurate witnesses who misidentified a foil who was more similar looking to the thief than the other lineup foils and (3) inaccurate witnesses who misidentified a foil who was not more similar in appearance to the thief than the other lineup foils. Accurate witnesses who identified the thief and inaccurate witnesses who misidentified a foil more similar to the thief than the other lineup foils were indistinguishable; both were faster, used more automatic recognition processes and were more confident than inaccurate witnesses who identified other foils. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
247.
Steven J Lash Robert S Stephens Jennifer L Burden Steven C Grambow Josephine M DeMarce Mark E Jones Brian E Lozano Amy S Jeffreys Stephanie A Fearer Ronnie D Horner 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2007,21(3):387-397
Although continuing care is strongly related to positive treatment outcomes for substance use disorder (SUD), participation rates are low and few effective interventions are available. In a randomized clinical trial with 150 participants (97% men), 75 graduates of a residential Veterans Affairs Medical Center SUD program who received an aftercare contract, attendance prompts, and reinforcers (CPR) were compared to 75 graduates who received standard treatment (STX). Among CPR participants, 55% completed at least 3 months of aftercare, compared to 36% in STX. Similarly, CPR participants remained in treatment longer than those in STX (5.5 vs. 4.4 months). Additionally, CPR participants were more likely to be abstinent compared to STX (57% vs. 37%) after 1 year. The CPR intervention offers a practical means to improve adherence among individuals in SUD treatment. 相似文献
248.
We investigated changes in autobiographical belief and memory ratings for childhood events, after informing individuals that forgetting childhood events is common. Participants received false prevalence information (indicating that a particular childhood event occurred frequently in the population) plus a rationale normalizing the forgetting of childhood events; false prevalence information alone; or no manipulation, for one (Study 1) or two (Study 2) unlikely childhood events. Results demonstrated that combining prevalence information and the "forgetting rationale" substantially influenced autobiographical belief ratings, whereas prevalence information alone had no impact (Study 1) or a significantly lesser impact (Study 2) on belief ratings. Prevalence information consistently impacted plausibility ratings. No changes in memory ratings were observed. These results provide further support for a nested relationship between judgements of plausibility, belief, and memory in evaluating the occurrence of autobiographical events. Furthermore, the results suggest that some purported false memory phenomena may instead reflect the development of autobiographical false beliefs in the absence of memory. 相似文献
249.
Sigmon ST Pells JJ Edenfield TM Hermann BA Schartel JG Lamattina SM Boulard NE 《Behavior Therapy》2007,38(4):333-339
Despite overwhelming evidence that gender plays a significant role in the course of numerous psychological disorders, researchers have historically neglected to address gender similarities and differences in their research. Previous reviews of the psychological literature have indicated that personality, psychotherapy, and behavioral psychology journals have published few studies that focus on gender comparisons. The current review examined published articles in three prominent behavioral psychology journals—Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Behaviour Research and Therapy—from their inception through 2001. Raters coded each article (N = 4,635) for gender content in the title or abstract, analyses of gender differences, and discussion of gender. Overall, very few articles focused on gender content in the title, abstract, or discussion or analyzed data by gender. Implications of these results and suggestions for enhancing attention to gender comparisons are discussed. 相似文献
250.
Fragile X syndrome is primarily due to a CGG repeat expansion found in the FMR1 X-linked gene. In a previous study, we conducted
focus groups with women to assess their attitudes towards fragile X carrier screening. In this follow-up study, we conducted
in-depth interviews of general population reproductive-age women who were identified as carriers. We explored their attitudes
toward testing for carrier status of the fragile X mutation. These women underwent screening primarily to participate in a
research project rather than in search of a diagnosis for specific symptoms. As such, these women were wholly unprepared for
positive carrier results. Their responses about their results and carrier screening, in many cases, were being worked out
over the course of the interview itself. The most salient finding of this work is the apparent lack of relevance of carrier
status to these women. Many expressed that although the information could be relevant in the future, it is not relevant at
this stage of their lives in terms of family planning (either with respect to having unaffected offspring or to premature
ovarian failure) and personal relationships. Although issues of abortion seemed prominent in the focus groups, we found that
carrier status did not have an apparent effect on women’s attitudes about termination. We hypothesize this may be related
to the fact that women had not processed their new carrier status and had not related it to previously-formed personal opinions.
The findings of this work have significant implications for genetic counseling and population screening. Genetic counselors
should be mindful that general population women may not recognize the immediate importance of their carrier status even when
literature is provided and discussed prior to providing a sample. As part of comprehensive genetic counseling, counselors
should identify the reproductive life stage of the woman receiving the new information and help her identify when this information
would be more meaningful in her life. Counselors can assist in setting up a personalized road map with specific types of services
that will be more applicable to the woman as her carrier status becomes more relevant. 相似文献