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231.
Several studies have found effects of orthographically related masked nonword primes on lexical decisions to target words. These effects have been explained by the neighborhood characteristics of the target word (Forster, 1987), but the neighborhood characteristics of the prime in combination with the target are also found to be important (Hinton, Liversedge, & Underwood, 1998). In this study, we present a new account of masked form-priming effects based on the shared neighborhood of prime and target. Shared neighbors are words that are activated by both prime and target. According to the interactive activation model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981), shared neighborhood determines the size of priming effects. This prediction was tested and confirmed in a masked priming experiment that manipulated the shared neighborhood density of complete primes. 相似文献
232.
This article reports on the development and teaching of compulsory courses on ethics and engineering at Delft University of
Technology (DUT). Attention is paid to the teaching goals, the educational setup and methods, the contents of the courses,
involvement of staff from engineering schools, experiences to date, and challenges for the future. The choices made with respect
to the development and teaching of the courses are placed within the European and Dutch context and are compared and contrasted
with the American situation and experiences.
Previous versions of this article were presented at the meeting of the SEFI Working Group on Engineering Ethics in Rzeszow,
Poland, April 29–May 1, 1999 and at the SEFI Annual Conference in Zurich, Switzerland, September 1–3, 1999. 相似文献
233.
In this editorial contribution, two issues relevant to the question, what should be at the top of the research agenda for ethics and technology, are identified and discussed. Firstly: can, and do, engineers make a difference to the degree to which technology leads to morally desirable outcomes? What role does professional autonomy play here, and what are its limits? And secondly, what should be the scope of engineers' responsibility; that is to say, on which issues are they, as engineers, morally obliged to reflect? The research agendas proposed by the authors contributing to this special section, implicitly, give different answers to these questions. We suggest that an explicit discussion of these issues would greatly help in constructing a common research agenda. 相似文献
234.
Ton van den Beld 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2001,4(4):383-399
What I set out to do is to cast some doubt on the thesis that, in Bernard Williams's words, any appeal to God in morality either adds nothing at all, or it adds the wrong sort of thing. A first conclusion is that a morality of real, inescapable and (sometimes) for the agent costly obligations, while being at home in a theistic metaphysic, does not sit easily with metaphysical, atheistic naturalism. The second conclusion is that Christine Korsgaard's impressive ethical project which is neutral towards theism and atheism fails in giving a satisfying account of such obligations. My final claim is that a theistic account in terms of a strong divine command theory might succeed where non- and atheistic accounts seem to founder. 相似文献
235.
The present research examines the role of optimism on time preferences for both losses and gains. It is argued that optimism has asymmetric effects on time preferences for gains versus losses: one reason why decision makers prefer immediate gains is because they are optimistic that these gains will be followed by additional gains in future. In contrast, decision makers prefer to delay losses because they are optimistic that losses are avoidable in the future. Optimism about outcomes affects time preferences for both gains and losses, such that low optimism reduces the discount rates while increased optimism is associated with higher discount rates. This prediction was supported in two different domains: monetary outcomes (Study 1), and health (Study 2). Implications of these results for both research practice and time preferences in the real world are discussed. 相似文献
236.
The most generally accepted and best documented manipulation in procedural justice experiments is varying whether or not participants are allowed an opportunity to voice their opinion about a decision. To better understand the psychology of voice, the authors focus on Referent Cognitions Theory (RCT). It is argued that thus far RCT has not been used to explain the psychology of voice and that previous RCT research suffers from methodological problems and has been more outcome oriented than necessary. Two experiments resolve these problems and show that people react more strongly to procedures (especially no-voice procedures) when reference points are close as opposed to distant. These findings suggest that closeness of reference points plays an important role in the psychology of voice. The findings expand RCT in significant ways and indicate that insight into the role of reference points is essential for understanding the psychology of justice. 相似文献
237.
Los SA van den Heuvel CE 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2001,27(2):370-386
The nonspecific preparation that follows a warning stimulus (WS) to speed responding to an impending imperative stimulus (IS) is generally viewed as a strategic, intentional process. An alternative view holds that WS acts as a conditioned stimulus that unintentionally elicits a tendency to respond at the moment of IS presentation as a result of a process of trace conditioning. These views were contrasted as explanatory frameworks for classical effects on reaction time of the duration and intertrial variability of the foreperiod, the interval between WS and IS. It is shown that the conditioning view accounts for the available data at least as well as the strategic view. In addition, the results of 3 experiments provide support for the conditioning view by showing that unintentional contributions to nonspecific preparation can be dissociated from intentional contributions. 相似文献
238.
The present study examined the relationship between self-reported behavioural inhibition and psychopathological symptoms in a sample of 152 children aged 12-14 years. Children were provided with a definition of behavioural inhibition and then asked to classify themselves as low, middle or high on behavioural inhibition. Furthermore, children completed questionnaires of worry, depression and anxiety symptoms. Results showed that children who endorsed the high behavioural inhibition category had elevated levels of anxiety, worry and depression compared to children who endorsed the low or middle behavioural inhibition categories. Moreover, children high on behavioural inhibition more frequently reported anxiety disorders symptoms in the subclinical range. These findings fit well with those of previous studies on behavioural inhibition. 相似文献
239.
Classical theories of space perception posit continuous distortions of subjective space. These stand in contrast to the quantitatively and qualitatively different distortions experienced in space that is represented pictorially. We challenge several aspects of these theories. Comparing real-world objects with depictions of the same objects, we investigated to what extent distortions are introduced by the photographic medium. Corners of irregularly shaped buildings had to be judged in terms of the vertical dihedral angles subtended by two adjacent walls. Across all conditions, a robust effect of viewing distance was found: Building corners appear to flatten out with distance. Moreover, depictions of corners produce remarkably similar results and should not receive a different theoretical treatment than do real-world scenes. The flattening of vertical angles cannot be explained by a linear distortion of the entire visual space. We suggest that, for natural scenes, compression of space is local and dependent on contextual information. 相似文献
240.
Sherman Allen C. Plante Thomas G. Simonton Stephanie Adams Dawn C. Burris S. Kaay Harbison Casey 《Pastoral Psychology》1999,48(2):129-141
Growing attention has focused on the relationship between religiosity and health outcomes. However, research has been constrained by the limited availability of measures suitable for use with medical patients. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSORF) in two well-defined samples of medical patients, representing a range of illness severity: 1) 175 women seen at a gynecology clinic; and 2) 104 cancer patients treated at a bone marrow transplantation program. Evidence for convergent validity was demonstrated by moderately high correlations with other measures of religious involvement. Divergent validity was demonstrated by small associations with social desirability. The measure was not strongly associated with demographic background or medical variables. Modest correlations with conceptually-related measures commonly used in health research (e.g., social support, optimism, existential meaning, purpose in life) further supported the divergent validity of the instrument. Results suggest that this may be a useful, concise measure for assessing religious involvement in medical patients. 相似文献