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891.
Exposure to idealized media portrayals of women induces appearance dissatisfaction in females, in the short term. Interventions that highlight the artificial nature of media portrayals can mitigate this effect. The present research investigated whether a 75 second television commercial, that demonstrates behind-the-scenes techniques used to artificially enhance media models, could be similarly effective. Eighty-seven Caucasian female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. The first group viewed music videos and ordinary television commercials. A second group viewed the same music videos and the "intervention" commercial. A final, control, group viewed television and commercials featuring no people. Viewing music videos resulted in significantly lower levels of self-reported appearance satisfaction compared to viewing control television, p<.05, d=-.67. However, exposure to the intervention commercial counter-acted this effect. Demonstrating the extent to which media portrayals of women are artificially enhanced can mitigate detrimental effects on female appearance satisfaction. 相似文献
892.
Stephanie Madon Jennifer Willard Max Guyll Kyle C. Scherr 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2011,5(8):578-590
A core theme of social psychology is that perceivers can shape targets’ future behaviors through self‐fulfilling prophecies. Self‐fulfilling prophecies occur when perceivers’ false beliefs about targets initiate a sequence of events that ultimately cause targets to exhibit expectancy‐consistent behaviors, thereby causing perceivers’ initially false beliefs to become true. This article reviews theory and research relevant to self‐fulfilling prophecies with particular foci on the underlying mechanisms that produce self‐fulfilling prophecies, the power of self‐fulfilling prophecies to alter behavior, and the extent to which self‐fulfilling prophecies contribute to social problems. 相似文献
893.
Much research has investigated the beneficial outcomes of reminiscence groups, like guided autobiography groups. Few have
assessed whether the content of the autobiographical memories shared during these groups, however, predicts beneficial outcomes.
This is the main goal of the current study. Sixteen participants responded to questionnaires about depression, death attitudes,
and psychological well-being before and after an 8-week reminiscence group. Results indicated that group participation decreased
depression, lowered fear and avoidance of death, and improved death acceptance. The 41 memory narratives collected from group
participants were content analyzed for affective, cognitive, and sensory processes. Analyses revealed that memory content
predicted levels of depression after group participation. Specifically, memories with more positive affective words (e.g.,
happy) predicted less depressive symptoms, and memories with negative cognitive process words (e.g., perhaps) predicted more
depressive symptoms. The implications for remembering life events in old age are discussed. 相似文献
894.
In order to assess whether color categorization is sensitive to within-category differences in hue, we monitored mouse trajectories in a modified categorization task. Participants saw color swatches from a blue-green continuum and categorized them with a computer mouse by selecting one of two colored regions at the top of a monitor. An analysis of the mouse trajectories showed that the deviation toward the competing category was a function of hue: As hues approached the category boundary, they increasingly deviated to the competitor. This work presents evidence for parallel activation on the level of hue and category processing for color, as well as simultaneous activation of perceptually adjacent categories. Thus, a dynamic process sensitive to fine-grained within-category detail best characterizes color categorization. 相似文献
895.
The Relation Between Eating- and Weight-Related Disturbances and Depression in Adolescence: A Review
Jennine S. Rawana Ashley S. Morgan Hien Nguyen Stephanie G. Craig 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2010,13(3):213-230
Depression often emerges during adolescence and persists into adulthood. Thus, it is critical to study risk factors that contribute
to the development of depression in adolescence. One set of risk factors that has been recently studied in adolescent depression
research is eating- and weight-related disturbances (EWRDs). EWRDs encompass negative cognitions related to one’s body or
physical appearance, negative attitudes toward eating, and unhealthy weight control behaviors. However, there have been no
comprehensive reviews of EWRDs and depression research that are contextualized within developmental frameworks of adolescent
depression. Thus, this review will summarize research findings on the relation between EWRDs and depression in adolescence
using a cognitive vulnerability developmental framework. First, a brief overview of epidemiological findings on depression
is provided in order to highlight the importance of examining depression in adolescence. Second, a cognitive vulnerability
developmental framework that can be used to conceptualize depression in adolescence is described. Next, theories and findings
on EWRDs and depression in adolescence are summarized within this framework. Research limitations and suggestions for future
research are provided. Finally, implications of this review related to the assessment, intervention, and prevention of depression
in adolescence are provided. 相似文献
896.
The present study used both categorical and dimensional approaches to test the association between relational and physical
aggression and hostile intent attributions for both relational and instrumental provocation situations using the National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development longitudinal Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (M = 8.3 years-old, SD = 0.19, N = 840). A one standard deviation threshold was used to create categorical aggression status groups. In categorical analyses,
children who were both relationally and physically aggressive were found to attribute more hostile intent attributions in
relationally provocative situations. Results from the dimensional analyses indicated that female gender, physical aggression,
and hostile attribution biases for instrumental provocations each predicted increases in relational aggression over time.
Further, relational aggression was not predictive of hostile attribution biases for relational provocations, and instead physical
aggression was predictive. Implications for the fields of developmental psychology and psychopathology are discussed. 相似文献
897.
Janet Kistner Carla Counts‐Allan Stephanie Dunkel Catherine Hardee Drew Corinne David‐Ferdon Cristina Lopez 《Aggressive behavior》2010,36(5):282-291
Sex differences in relational and overt aggression among 3rd (n=176), 4th (n=179), and 5th graders (n=145) from three public schools (n=500; 278 girls) were examined. Nominations of relational aggression increased over time among 4th and 5th grade girls, but not among boys or 3rd grade girls. Among 3rd graders, boys received more nominations for relational aggression than girls. By the end of the 5th grade, girls received more relational aggression nominations than boys. There was also a significant rise in nominations of overt aggression among 5th grade girls, but not among 5th grade boys or younger boys and girls. As expected, boys were more likely than girls to be nominated for overt aggression at all grade levels. The findings are helpful for explaining inconsistencies of earlier research pertaining to sex differences in relational aggression and for advancing our understanding of the causes of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 36:282–291, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
898.
Origins of mothers' and fathers' beliefs about infant crying were examined in 87 couples. Parents completed measures of emotion minimization in the family of origin, depressive symptoms, empathy, trait anger, and coping styles prenatally. At 6 months postpartum, parents completed a self-report measure of their beliefs about infant crying. Mothers endorsed more infant-oriented and less parent-oriented beliefs about crying than did fathers. Consistent with prediction, a history of emotion minimization was linked with more parent-oriented and fewer infant-oriented beliefs about infant crying for both mothers and fathers either as a main effect or in conjunction with the partners' infant-oriented beliefs. Contrary to expectation, parents' own emotional dispositions had little effect on parents' beliefs about crying. The pattern of associations varied for mothers and fathers in a number of ways. Implications for future research and programs promoting sensitive parenting are discussed. 相似文献
899.
Samuel J. Sinclair Daniel Antonius Andrew Shiva Caleb J. Siefert Kendra Kehl-Fie Stephanie Lama Hal S. Shorey Mark A. Blais 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):406-415
Research focusing on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) has increased substantially over the past decade. However, there has been relatively little focus on the PAI short-form (PAISF). The current study evaluated the psychometric characteristics of the PAI-SF clinical scales using participants admitted to a large northeastern hospital under forensic (N?=?178) and civil (N?=?320) statutes. Results indicate that the internal consistency of the PAI-SF clinical scales is adequate for both the Forensic (range of alphas: 0.74 to 0.88) and Civil (0.79 to 0.91) samples, and assumptions of item-scale convergence and divergence were generally met with some exceptions. Finally, the PAI-SF exhibited strong agreement with the full-form PAI scores overall, and at the upper extreme (T?≥?70) of the distributions for both samples. The results are discussed in terms of how they extend prior research on the PAI-SF. 相似文献
900.
Despite widespread change in gender roles, women continue to have less power than men. From the perspective of social role theory, this gender difference in power should be perceived as eroding as women gain access to male-dominated roles typically associated with power. Study 1's open-ended reports nearly unanimously projected an increase in women's power over the next 50 years, whereas responses were equally split between projecting stability or a decrease in men's power. Study 2's quantitative findings illustrated that participants perceived women as gaining in political, economic, occupational, individual, and relational power from the past into the future. In contrast, men were perceived as decreasing in relational power but maintaining levels of other forms of power over time. Despite the projections of increases in women's power, women were not projected to reach parity with men by 2050. We examine the implications of these beliefs for future social change. 相似文献