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401.
Pie and bar charts are commonly used to display percentage or proportional data, but professional data analysts have frowned on the use of the pie chart on the grounds that judgements of area are less accurate than judgements of lenth. Thus the bar chart has been favoured. When the amount of data to be communicated is small, some authorities have advocated the use of properly constructed tables, as another option. The series of experiments reported here suggests that there is little to choose between the pie and the bar chart, with the former enjoying a slight advantage if the required judgement is a complicated one, but that both forms of chart are superior to the table. Thus our results do not support the commonly expressed opinion that pie charts are inferior. An analysis of the nature of the task and a review of the psychophysical literature suggest that the traditional prejudice against the pie chart is misguided. 相似文献
402.
403.
Think manager—think male,think follower—think female: Gender bias in implicit followership theories
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Stephan Braun Sebastian Stegmann Alina S. Hernandez Bark Nina M. Junker Rolf van Dick 《Journal of applied social psychology》2017,47(7):377-388
Because of the overlap between the social roles of women and followers, we predicted that people would show a bias, that is, favor female followers over male followers. To support this hypothesis, we conducted two studies: An explicit test of the bias using a scenario design and an implicit association test (IAT)‐based study. Both studies show that the role of an ideal follower is more strongly associated with the female gender role, which seems to be caused partly by a more communal connotation of the follower role. This effect might contribute to the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions as they are perceived to be an ideal fit for followership positions; but it may also push men away from being followers and into leadership positions. 相似文献
404.
Sub-national Fiscal Activity as a Determinant of Individual Happiness: Ideology Matters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert W. Wassmer Edward L. Lascher Jr. Stephan Kroll 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(5):563-582
Though there has been a recent outpouring of studies on the determinants of individual happiness, there remains a paucity
of research on the influence of specific sub-national government policies. Additionally, theoretical expectations about how
fiscal variables influence happiness are unclear, making further empirical research imperative. Combining survey data and
aggregate information about state and local government revenue and expenditures within the United States, we draw inferences
about whether or not such activities affect individual happiness. We find no indication that the overall level of state or
local fiscal activity affects life satisfaction. However, we offer evidence that personal happiness could be increased with
an increase in the percentage of sub-national expenditure devoted to public safety. We also find that there are notable differences
across ideological groups (conservatives, moderates, and liberals) with respect to how much public safety influences happiness,
as well as how some other fiscal variables influence happiness. We conclude that ideology mediates the impact of fiscal variables
on life satisfaction. 相似文献
405.
406.
Anna Thorwart Holger Schultheis Stephan König Harald Lachnit 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):29-34
ALTSim is a MATLAB-based simulator of several associative learning models, including Pearce’s configural model, the extended
configural model, the Rescorla-Wagner model, the unique cue hypothesis, the modified unique cue hypothesis, the replaced elements
model, and Harris’s elemental model. It allows for specifying all relevant parameters, as well as exact stimulus sequences
by graphical user interfaces. It is an easy-to-use tool that facilitates evaluating and comparing the featured associative
learning models. ALTSim is available free of charge from www.staff.uni-marburg.de/~lachnit/ALTSim/. 相似文献
407.
Stephan Käufer 《Topoi》2003,22(1):79-91
In his Kant interpretations of the late 1920s and in Being and Time, Heidegger develops two distinct, yet related, derivations
of the possibility of judgment from temporal conditions. This paper presents each derivation, establishes the strict analogy
between the two, and uses it to explain the structure and shortcoming of the interpretation of ecstatic temporality as the
unitary ground of objective experience.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
408.
Oscar Ybarra Walter G. Stephan Linda Schaberg Jason S. Lawrence 《Journal of applied social psychology》2003,33(12):2630-2646
Two studies examined people's beliefs about the relative disconfirmability of out‐group and in‐group stereotypes. In Study 1 (n= 56), Hispanics and White non‐Hispanics judged the in‐group and out‐group stereotypes in terms of the ease with which they could be dis‐confirmed. The results indicated that strongly, ethnically identified participants believed the out‐group stereotype to be more difficult to disconfirm than the in‐group stereotype. The second study with 73 White participants examined their beliefs about the disconfirmability of the White and African American stereotypes. The results indicated that participants higher in prejudice believed the African American stereotype is more difficult to disconfirm than the White stereotype to a greater degree than participants lower in prejudice. The results suggest that disconfirmability beliefs comprise a distinct construct thai may contribute to the difficulty of changing out‐group stereotypes. 相似文献
409.
This study investigated the dynamics of communication between members of an emergency management team faced with controlling a hazardous chemical spill. The effects of two sets of factors on communication were investigated; task‐specific factors pertaining to characteristics of the emergency management task that are constant across different emergency situations, and situation‐specific factors pertaining to the unique characteristics of the current situation. The results showed that both these factors were important in determining the pattern of communication between key team members. Verbal exchanges were found both to be correlated with the occurrence of critical events and to follow a 30‐minute temporal cycle. The implications of the results for theories of naturalistic decision making are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
410.
Model checking is a widely used technique that aids in the designand debugging of reactive systems. This paper gives an overview onthe theory and algorithms used for model checking, with a biastowards automata-theoretic approaches and linear-time temporallogic. We also describe elementary abstraction techniques useful forlarge systems that cannot be directly handled by model checking. 相似文献