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151.
The final position of a moving sound source usually appears to be displaced in the direction of motion. We tested the hypothesis that this phenomenon, termed auditory representational momentum, is already emerging during, not merely after, the period of motion. For this purpose, we investigated the localization of a moving sound at different points in time. In a dark anechoic environment, an acoustic target moved along the frontal horizontal plane. In the initial, middle, or final phase of the motion trajectory, subjects received a tactile stimulus and determined the current position of the moving target at the moment of the stimulus by performing either relative-judgment or pointing tasks. Generally, in the initial phase of the auditory motion, the position was perceived to be displaced in the direction of motion, but this forward displacement disappeared in the further course of the motion. When the motion stimulus had ceased, however, its final position was again shifted in the direction of motion. The latter result suggests that representational momentum in spatial hearing is a phenomenon specific to the final point of motion. Mental extrapolation of past trajectory information is discussed as a potential source of this perceptual displacement. 相似文献
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Stephan Leuenberger 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2014,57(2):151-174
AbstractThe elucidations and regimentations of grounding offered in the literature standardly take it to be a necessary connection. In particular, authors often assert, or at least assume, that if some facts ground another fact, then the obtaining of the former necessitates the latter; and moreover, that grounding is an internal relation, in the sense of being necessitated by the existence of the relata. In this article, I challenge the necessitarian orthodoxy about grounding by offering two prima facie counterexamples. First, some physical facts may ground a certain phenomenal fact without necessitating it; and they may co-exist with the latter without grounding it. Second, some instantiations of categorical properties may ground the instantiation of a dispositional one without necessitating it; and they may co-exist without grounding it. After arguing that these may be genuine counterexamples, I ask whether there are modal constraints on grounding that are not threatened by them. I propose two: that grounding supervenes on what facts there are, and that every grounded fact supervenes on what grounds there are. Finally, I attempt to provide a rigorous formulation of the latter supervenience claim and discuss some technical questions that arise if we allow descending grounding chains of transfinite length. 相似文献
155.
Ullrich K. H. Ecker Stephan Lewandowsky Olivia Fenton Kelsey Martin 《Memory & cognition》2014,42(2):292-304
Misinformation—defined as information that is initially assumed to be valid but is later corrected or retracted—often has an ongoing effect on people’s memory and reasoning. We tested the hypotheses that (a) reliance on misinformation is affected by people’s preexisting attitudes and (b) attitudes determine the effectiveness of retractions. In two experiments, participants scoring higher and lower on a racial prejudice scale read a news report regarding a robbery. In one scenario, the suspects were initially presented as being Australian Aboriginals, whereas in a second scenario, a hero preventing the robbery was introduced as an Aboriginal person. Later, these critical, race-related pieces of information were or were not retracted. We measured participants’ reliance on misinformation in response to inferential reasoning questions. The results showed that preexisting attitudes influence people’s use of attitude-related information but not the way in which a retraction of that information is processed. 相似文献
156.
Stephan Heinzel Stefanie Schulte Johanna Onken Quynh-Lam Duong Thomas G. Riemer Andreas Heinz 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2014,21(2):146-173
Previous studies on working memory training have indicated that transfer to non-trained tasks of other cognitive domains may be possible. The aim of this study is to compare working memory training and transfer effects between younger and older adults (n = 60). A novel approach to adaptive n-back training (12 sessions) was implemented by varying the working memory load and the presentation speed. All participants completed a neuropsychological battery of tests before and after the training. On average, younger training participants achieved difficulty level 12 after training, while older training participants only reached difficulty level 5. In younger participants, transfer to Verbal Fluency and Digit Symbol Substitution test was found. In older participants, we observed a transfer to Digit Span Forward, CERAD Delayed Recall, and Digit Symbol Substitution test. Results suggest that working memory training may be a beneficial intervention for maintaining and improving cognitive functioning in old age. 相似文献
157.
Stephan Grzeskowiak Dong-Jin Lee Grace B. Yu M. Joseph Sirgy 《Applied research in quality of life》2014,9(3):683-709
Consumer’s overall perception of quality-of-life impact of a consumer durable (PQOLI) refers to consumer’s subjective evaluation of the degree to which marketplace experiences related to a given product impacts one’s overall quality of life (QOL). What are the factors that impact PQOLI? A model based on the concept of the consumption life cycle is developed to answer this question. The model posits that PQOLI is mostly influenced by satisfaction with product purchase, preparation, ownership, consumption, and maintenance experiences. In turn, the model also posits that with satisfaction with purchase, preparation, ownership, consumption, and maintenance are influenced by a set of consumption experiences. The data was collected using a sample of college students. Each respondent was randomly assigned to one of eight product categories: photo cameras, cell phones, athletic shoes, cologne, televisions, watches, sunglasses, and video consoles. The results were generally supportive of the model. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. 相似文献
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Stephan Krauss 《Psychological research》1928,11(1):157-170
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