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181.
Luke Tudge Eugene McSorley Stephan A. Brandt Torsten Schubert 《Behavior research methods》2017,49(6):2127-2145
In eye movements, saccade trajectory deviation has often been used as a physiological operationalization of visual attention, distraction, or the visual system’s prioritization of different sources of information. However, there are many ways to measure saccade trajectories and to quantify their deviation. This may lead to noncomparable results and poses the problem of choosing a method that will maximize statistical power. Using data from existing studies and from our own experiments, we used principal components analysis to carry out a systematic quantification of the relationships among eight different measures of saccade trajectory deviation and their power to detect the effects of experimental manipulations, as measured by standardized effect size. We concluded that (1) the saccade deviation measure is a good default measure of saccade trajectory deviation, because it is somewhat correlated with all other measures and shows relatively high effect sizes for two well-known experimental effects; (2) more generally, measures made relative to the position of the saccade target are more powerful; and (3) measures of deviation based on the early part of the saccade are made more stable when they are based on data from an eyetracker with a high sampling rate. Our recommendations may be of use to future eye movement researchers seeking to optimize the designs of their studies. 相似文献
182.
Patricia J. Bauer Thanujeni Pathman Cory Inman Carolina Campanella Stephan Hamann 《Memory (Hove, England)》2017,25(4):450-466
Autobiographical memory (AM) is a critically important form of memory for life events that undergoes substantial developmental changes from childhood to adulthood. Relatively little is known regarding the functional neural correlates of AM retrieval in children as assessed with fMRI, and how they may differ from adults. We investigated this question with 14 children ages 8–11 years and 14 adults ages 19–30 years, contrasting AM retrieval with semantic memory (SM) retrieval. During scanning, participants were cued by verbal prompts to retrieve previously selected recent AMs or to verify semantic properties of words. As predicted, both groups showed AM retrieval-related increased activation in regions implicated in prior studies, including bilateral hippocampus, and prefrontal, posterior cingulate, and parietal cortices. Adults showed greater activation in the hippocampal/parahippocampal region as well as prefrontal and parietal cortex, relative to children; age-related differences were most prominent in the first 8?sec versus the second 8?sec of AM retrieval and when AM retrieval was contrasted with semantic retrieval. This study is the first to characterise similarities and differences during AM retrieval in children and adults using fMRI. 相似文献
183.
Input–output (I–O) modality compatibility refers to the similarity of stimulus modality and modality of response-related sensory
consequences. A previous study found higher switch costs in task switching in I–O modality incompatible tasks (auditory-manual
and visual-vocal) than in I–O modality compatible tasks (auditory-vocal and visual-manual). However, these tasks had spatially
compatible S–R mappings, which implied dimensional overlap (DO). DO may have led to automatic activation of the corresponding
compatible responses in the incorrect response modality, thus increasing interference effects. The present study was aimed
to examine the influence of DO on I–O modality compatibility effects. In two experiments, we found that I–O modality compatibility
affects task switching even in tasks without DO, which even tended to result in further increased modality influences. This
finding suggests that I–O modality mappings affect response selection by affecting between-task cross-talk not on the level
of specific response codes but on the level of modality-specific processing pathways. 相似文献
184.
Stephan Leuenberger 《Philosophical Studies》2010,149(3):327-354
In “Ramseyan Humility,” David Lewis argues that we cannot know what the fundamental properties in our world are. His arguments
invoke the possibility of permutations and replacements of fundamental properties. Most responses focus on Lewis’s view on
the relationship between properties and roles, and on the assumptions about knowledge that he makes. I argue that no matter
how the debates about knowledge and about the metaphysics of properties turn out, Lewis’s arguments are unconvincing since
they rely on a highly implausible assumption about the expressive power of our language. 相似文献
185.
Information that initially is presumed to be correct, but that is later retracted or corrected, often continues to influence
memory and reasoning. This occurs even if the retraction itself is well remembered. The present study investigated whether
the continued influence of misinformation can be reduced by explicitly warning people at the outset that they may be misled.
A specific warning— giving detailed information about the continued influence effect (CIE)—succeeded in reducing the continued
reliance on outdated information but did not eliminate it. A more general warning—reminding people that facts are not always
properly checked before information is disseminated—was even less effective. In an additional experiment, a specific warning
was combined with the provision of a plausible alternative explanation for the retracted information. This combined manipulation
further reduced the CIE but still failed to eliminate it altogether. 相似文献
186.
Prior research has found entrepreneurs to experience significantly higher job control and job demands compared with employees. This suggests that entrepreneurs have so‐called active jobs and thus may benefit from positive health consequences. The present research compared entrepreneurs' health with employees' health in a national representative sample with regard to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD‐10) diagnoses of somatic diseases, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) diagnoses of mental disorders, blood pressure, well‐being (life‐satisfaction) as well as behavioural health indicators (sick days, physician visits). Entrepreneurs showed significantly lower overall somatic and mental morbidity, lower blood pressure, lower prevalence rates of hypertension, and somatoform disorders, as well as higher well‐being and more favourable behavioural health indicators. The results are discussed with regard to the active job hypothesis and recommendations for future research are provided. 相似文献
187.
In the psychological study of auditory imagery, instruments for measuring vividness or clarity have existed for some time.
The present article argues that existing scales are ambiguous, in that clarity and vividness of auditory imagery are addressed
simultaneously, and that empirical validations of those scales suffer from inadequate methods. The aim of the present study
was to develop a new psychometric scale, the Clarity of Auditory Imagery Scale, measuring individual differences in clarity
of auditory imagery. Drawing on previous literature, 16 items were generated, forming an initial item pool that was presented
to 212 respondents. The hypothesized single dimensionality inherent in the data was confirmed using Velicer’s (1976) minimum
average partial test and parallel analysis. Also, data were factor analyzed, extracting a stable one-factor solution including
all 16 items. The internal consistency of the final scale was satisfactory (coefficient alpha = .88). Other properties of
the questionnaire, such as test-retest reliability, remain to be established. 相似文献
188.
Faulhaber Anja K. Dittmer Anke Blind Felix Wächter Maximilian A. Timm Silja Sütfeld Leon R. Stephan Achim Pipa Gordon König Peter 《Science and engineering ethics》2019,25(2):399-418
Science and Engineering Ethics - Ethical thought experiments such as the trolley dilemma have been investigated extensively in the past, showing that humans act in utilitarian ways, trying to cause... 相似文献
189.
190.
The processes that determine unsupervised categorization, the task of classifying stimuli without guidance or feedback, are poorly understood. Two experiments examined the emergence and plasticity of unsupervised strategies using perceptual stimuli that varied along two separable dimensions. In the first experiment, participants either classified stimuli into any two categories of their choice or learned identical classifications by supervised categorization. Irrespective of the complexity of classification, supervised and unsupervised learning rates differed little when both modes of learning were maximally comparable. The second experiment examined the plasticity of unsupervised classifications by introducing novel stimuli halfway through training. Whether or not people altered their strategies, they responded to novel stimuli in a gradual manner. The gradual and continuous evolution and adaptation of strategies suggests that unsupervised categorization involves true learning which shares many properties of supervised category learning. We also show that the choice of unsupervised strategy cannot be predicted from the properties of early learning trials, but is best understood as a function of the initial distribution of dimensional attention. 相似文献