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101.
Ruth Spinks Stephan Arndt Kristin Caspers Rebecca Yucuis L. William McKirgan Christopher Pfalzgraf Elijah Waterman 《Intelligence》2007,35(6):563-567
The relationship between measures of IQ and standardized school achievement tests is well established at around r ≈ 0.5 when the two are measured in close proximity. The current paper examined the stability of this correlation when comparing elementary school achievement (grades 3–8) and midlife IQ. Iowa Adoption Study participants who had standardized school achievement measures (ITBS) on file were given the WAIS-III. Mean age at IQ testing was 44.01 years (SD 6.65 years). The correlation between school achievement and WAIS-III FSIQ was r = 0.64, suggesting substantial life span stability in this relationship. Furthermore, elementary school achievement was substantially correlated with occupational status and household income at midlife. These findings suggest that standardized school achievement data is a useful measure of premorbid IQ. 相似文献
102.
Cultural transmission of information plays a central role in shaping human knowledge. Some of the most complex knowledge that
people acquire, such as languages or cultural norms, can only be learned from other people, who themselves learned from previous
generations. The prevalence of this process of “iterated learning” as a mode of cultural transmission raises the question
of how it affects the information being transmitted. Analyses of iterated learning utilizing the assumption that the learners
are Bayesian agents predict that this process should converge to an equilibrium that reflects the inductive biases of the
learners. An experiment in iterated function learning with human participants confirmed this prediction, providing insight
into the consequences of intergenerational knowledge transmission and a method for discovering the inductive biases that guide
human inferences. 相似文献
103.
Stephan de la Rosa Michael Gordon Bruce A. Schneider 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(3):451-462
Research has shown that the visual system’s sensitivity to variations in luminance (visual contrast) within a particular area of the retina is affected in a bottom-up fashion by the ambient contrast levels in nearby regions. Specifically, changes in the ambient contrast in areas surrounding the target area alter the sensitivity to visual contrast within the target area. More recent research has shown that paying attention to the target or target area modulates contrast sensitivity, suggesting a top-down influence over contrast sensitivity that is mediated by attention. Here we report another form of top-down influence over contrast sensitivity that is unlikely to be mediated by attention. In particular, we show that knowledge and/or expectations about the levels of visual contrast that may appear in upcoming targets also affect how sensitive the observer is to the contrast in the target. This sort of knowledge-driven, top-down contrast sensitivity control could be used to preset the visual system’s contrast sensitivity to maximize discriminability and to protect contrast-sensitive processes from a contrast overload. Overall, our results suggest that existing models of contrast sensitivity might benefit from the inclusion of top-down control mechanisms. 相似文献
104.
105.
Stefanie Kehrer Antje Kraft Kerstin Irlbacher Stefan P. Koch Herbert Hagendorf Norbert Kathmann Stephan A. Brandt 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):751-761
Event-related potentials were measured to investigate the role of visual spatial attention mechanisms in conflict processing.
We suggested that a more difficult target selection leads to stronger attentional top-down control, thereby reducing the effects
of arising conflicts. This hypothesis was tested by varying the selection difficulty in a location negative priming (NP) paradigm.
The difficult task resulted in prolonged responses as compared to the easy task. A behavioral NP effect was only evident in
the easy task. Psychophysiologically the easy task was associated with reduced parietal N1, enhanced frontocentral N2 and
N2pc components and a prolonged P3 latency for the conflict as compared to the control condition. The N2pc effect was also
obvious in the difficult task. Additionally frontocentral N2 amplitudes increased and latencies of N2pc and P3 were delayed
compared to the easy task. The differences at frontocentral and parietal electrodes are consistent with previous studies ascribing
activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex as the source of top-down attentional control. Thus, we propose that stronger
cognitive control is involved in the difficult task, resulting in a reduced behavioral NP conflict. 相似文献
106.
Visual scanpath recording was used to investigate the information processing strategies used by a prosopagnosic patient, SC, when viewing faces. Compared to controls, SC showed an aberrant pattern of scanning, directing attention away from the internal configuration of facial features (eyes, nose) towards peripheral regions (hair, forehead) of the face. The results suggest that SC's face recognition deficit can be linked to an inability to assemble an accurate and unified face percept due to an abnormal allocation of attention away from the internal face region. Extraction of stimulus attributes necessary for face identity recognition is compromised by an aberrant face scanning pattern. 相似文献
107.
The aim of this study was to separately analyze the role of featural and configural face representations. Stimuli containing only featural information were created by cutting the faces into their parts and scrambling them. Stimuli only containing configural information were created by blurring the faces. Employing an old-new recognition task, the aim of Experiments 1 and 2 was to investigate whether unfamiliar faces (Exp. 1) or familiar faces (Exp. 2) can be recognized if only featural or configural information is provided. Both scrambled and blurred faces could be recognized above chance level. A further aim of Experiments 1 and 2 was to investigate whether our method of creating configural and featural stimuli is valid. Pre-activation of one form of representation did not facilitate recognition of the other, neither for unfamiliar faces (Exp. 1) nor for familiar faces (Exp. 2). This indicates a high internal validity of our method for creating configural and featural face stimuli. Experiment 3 examined whether features placed in their correct categorical relational position but with distorted metrical distances facilitated recognition of unfamiliar faces. These faces were recognized no better than the scrambled faces in Experiment 1, providing further evidence that facial features are stored independently of configural information. From these results we conclude that both featural and configural information are important to recognize a face and argue for a dual-mode hypothesis of face processing. Using the psychophysical results as motivation, we propose a computational framework that implements featural and configural processing routes using an appearance-based representation based on local features and their spatial relations. In three computational experiments (Experiments 4–6) using the same sets of stimuli, we show how this framework is able to model the psychophysical data. 相似文献
108.
Carla L. Harenski Sang Hee Kim Stephan Hamann 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(1):1-15
Functional neuroimaging has identified brain regions associated with voluntary regulation of emotion, including the prefrontal
cortex and amygdala. The neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in emotion regulation have not been extensively
studied. We investigated the neural correlates of neuroticism and psychopathic personality traits in the context of an emotion
regulation task. Results showed that amygdala activity elicited by unpleasant pictures was positively correlated with neuroticism
and negatively correlated with a specific psychopathic trait related to emotional underreactivity. During active attempts
to decrease emotional responses to unpleasant pictures, superior and ventrolateral prefrontal activity was positively correlated
with psychopathy, but not with neuroticism. In contrast, dorsolateral prefrontal activity was positively correlated with neuroticism,
but not with psychopathy. Psychopathy was also negatively correlated with medial prefrontal activity in response to pictures
depicting moral violations, suggesting reduced emotional responses to moral stimuli in individuals with high levels of psychopathic
traits. These results demonstrate dissociable influences of different personality traits on neural activity associated with
responses to emotional stimuli and on the recruitment of regulation-related brain activity during the active down-regulation
of responses to negative emotional stimuli. These results have implications for the etiology of trait-based psychopathology
involving emotional dysregulation. 相似文献
109.
Huijbregts SC Séguin JR Zoccolillo M Boivin M Tremblay RE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(2):203-215
This study investigated associations between maternal prenatal smoking and physical aggression (PA), hyperactivity-impulsivity
(HI) and co-occurring PA and HI between ages 17 and 42 months in a population sample of children born in Québec (Canada) in
1997/1998 (N=1745). Trajectory model estimation showed three distinct developmental patterns for PA and four for HI. Multinomial regression
analyses showed that prenatal smoking significantly predicted children’s likelihood to follow different PA trajectories beyond
the effects of other perinatal factors, parental psychopathology, family functioning and parenting, and socio-economic factors.
However, prenatal smoking was not a significant predictor of HI in a model with the same control variables. Further multinomial
regression analyses showed that, together with gender, presence of siblings and maternal hostile reactive parenting, prenatal
smoking independently predicted co-occurring high PA and high HI compared to low levels of both behaviors, to high PA alone,
and to high HI alone. These results show that maternal prenatal smoking predicts multiple behavior regulation problems in
early childhood. 相似文献
110.
Two studies were conducted in which college students, acting as simulated jurors, heard the testimony of a defendant in an assault case. The testimony was presented in English or in another language (Spanish in Study 1 and Thai in Study 2) which was translated into English by an interpreter. In Study 1, non-Hispanics judged the defendant to be more guilty than did Hispanics when the defendant's testimony was presented in Spanish than when it was presented in English. This bias was offset when the judge's instructions admonished the jurors to ignore the fact that the defendant's testimony was translated. Similarly, in Study 2, subjects (all non-Thai) judged the defendent more guilty when his testimony was presented in Thai than when it was presented in English. Again, this bias was eliminated by the judge's instructions to the jurors to ignore the fact that the testimony was translated. The increased guilty verdicts for defendants who did not testify in English appeared to be due to prejudice and language ethnocentrism, the belief that defendants in U.S. courts should speak English. 相似文献