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121.
Information that is presumed to be true at encoding but later on turns out to be false (i.e., misinformation) often continues
to influence memory and reasoning. In the present study, we investigated how the strength of encoding and the strength of
a later retraction of the misinformation affect this continued influence effect. Participants read an event report containing
misinformation and a subsequent correction. Encoding strength of the misinformation and correction were orthogonally manipulated
either via repetition (Experiment 1) or by imposing a cognitive load during reading (Experiment 2). Results suggest that stronger
retractions are effective in reducing the continued influence effects associated with strong misinformation encoding, but
that even strong retractions fail to eliminate continued influence effects associated with relatively weak encoding. We present
a simple computational model based on random sampling that captures this effect pattern, and conclude that the continued influence
effect seems to defy most attempts to eliminate it. 相似文献
122.
We investigated whether infants can transfer their goal attribution between situations that contain different types of information about the goal. We found that 12-month-olds who had attributed a goal based on the causal efficacy of a means-end action generated expectations about the actor's action in another scenario in which the actor could choose between alternative outcomes. This finding suggests that, by 12 months, infants possess a unitary concept of goal. 相似文献
123.
Emotions have long been seen as counteracting rational thought, but over the last decades, they have been viewed as adaptive
processes to optimize human (but also animal) behaviour. In particular, positive affect appears to be a functional aspect
of emotions closely related to that. We argue that positive affect as understood in Kuhl’s PSI model of the human cognitive
architecture appears to have an interpretation in state-of-the-art hybrid robot control architectures, which might help tackle
some open questions in the field. 相似文献
124.
Although exceptional performance is a defining attribute of expertise, experts sometimes exhibit striking errors and performance limitations. This article reports two experiments in which experts predicted the spread of bush fires, a domain characterized by complex but well-understood physical dynamics. Although accuracy was typically high, large errors were observed when two primary predictor variables were in opposition. In a second study, the experts' behavior--in contrast to that of novices--was additionally shown to depend on problem context. In one context, experts again committed errors, whereas in another, equally domain-relevant context, the correct predictions were made. Critically, when comparing performance across contexts, completely opposing predictions were made under identical physical conditions. We therefore suggest that expertise may comprise separate, and sometimes even mutually exclusive, components of knowledge. 相似文献
125.
Mills C Stephan SH Moore E Weist MD Daly BP Edwards M 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2006,9(3-4):149-161
The report from President George W. Bush’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (NFC), Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America(2003), proposes goals and recommendations for improving mental health services. This report has significant implications
for the delivery of mental health services through the schools. A focused discussion of the potential opportunities and challenges
of implementing NFC recommendations related to school-based mental health is presented. Strategies for addressing five key
areas at the intersection of school mental health and the Commission’s recommendations include: stigma reduction, suicide
prevention, expansion and improvement of school mental health, and screening and treatment of co-occurring mental health and
substance abuse disorders. 相似文献
126.
Knowledge partitioning is a theoretical construct holding that knowledge is not always integrated and homogeneous but may be separated into independent parcels containing mutually contradictory information. Knowledge partitioning has been observed in research on expertise, categorization, and function learning. This article presents a theory of function learning (the population of linear experts model--POLE) that assumes people partition their knowledge whenever they are presented with a complex task. The authors show that POLE is a general model of function learning that accommodates both benchmark results and recent data on knowledge partitioning. POLE also makes the counterintuitive prediction that a person's distribution of responses to repeated test stimuli should be multimodal. The authors report 3 experiments that support this prediction. 相似文献
127.
Kalish ML Lewandowsky S Davies M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(5):846-861
Knowledge restructuring occurs when people shift to a new strategy or representation during learning. Although knowledge restructuring can frequently be experimentally encouraged, there are instances in which people resist restructuring and continue to use an expedient but imperfect initial strategy. The authors report 3 category learning experiments that reconciled those conflicting outcomes by postulating that, for restructuring to occur, learners must be dissatisfied with their knowledge and a usable alternative must be available. In line with expectation, restructuring was elicited only when an alternative strategy was pointed out and when people's initial expedient strategy entailed performance error. Neither error nor information about the alternative strategy by itself was sufficient to induce restructuring. 相似文献
128.
Solving the Riddle of Coherence 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
129.
Wolfgang?HerzogEmail author Christoph?Nikendei Hans-Christoph?Friederich Bernd?L?we Jana?Jünger Wolfgang?Eich Stephan?Zipfel 《Psychotherapeut》2003,48(5):348-356
Zusammenfassung Die psychische Komorbidität internistischer Patienten im Sinne einer ICD-Diagnose des Kapitels F beträgt mehr als 35%: Neurotische, besonders somatoforme, Schmerz-, affektive Störungen und Suchterkrankungen sind häufig. Die Liegedauer ist bei psychischer Komorbidität deutlich erhöht. Es benötigen 5% der internistischen Patienten ein psychosomatisches Konsil. Neue, komplexe Behandlungsstrategien, wie Transplantationen, Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren, Medikamentenpumpen, erfordern häufig spezifische psychosoziale Interventionen. Ältere Patienten haben Erkrankungen, die zunehmend chronifizieren und komplexer werden. Damit werden Lebensqualität und psychische Komorbidität zu zentralen Outcomevariablen der Volkskrankheiten. Das zweite große Aufgabenfeld internistischer Psychosomatik ist die Untersuchung und die Behandlung psychosomatischer Patienten im engeren Sinne (Essstörungen, Schmerz- und somatoforme Störungen), weil internistische Diagnostik und Therapie erforderlich oder die Motivation der Patienten primär somatisch ist. Organisationsmodelle reichen von Konsil-/Liaisondiensten bis zu integrierten psychosomatischen Abteilungen oder Fachabteilungen an Allgemeinkrankenhäusern. Aussichtsreiche Forschungsstrategien werden neben der Erforschung psychosomatischer Mechanismen in der Entwicklung pragmatischer Behandlungsprogramme, ihrer Überprüfung in klinischen Studien und der Versorgungsforschung gesehen. Darüber hinaus sollte eine Intensivierung nationaler und internationaler Forschungsnetze erfolgen, wenn immer möglich unter Beteiligung anderer Disziplinen, um auch im Bereich der Forschung konkurrenzfähig zu bleiben.Herrn Prof. Dr. Ernst Richard Petzold zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet. 相似文献
130.
Dutke S 《Experimental psychology》2003,50(4):270-284
Anaphor resolution has been found to depend on the spatial distance between the reader's focus of attention and the location of the anaphor referent in a spatially organized situation model (spatial distance effect; Rinck & Bower, 1995). This effect implies that a) the situation model is spatially organized and b) spatial distance has a stronger effect on the resolution of anaphoric reference than the text priming the anaphor referent. In three experiments, adult participants read 12 short narratives about protagonists moving around a building. Mentionning the location of the anaphor referent in text prior to the anaphoric sentence facilitated anaphor resolution. Decreased spatial distance consistently facilitated anaphor resolution, even when priming the anaphor referent affected anaphor resolution more strongly than spatial distance. Results are discussed with regard to the interpretation and reliability of the spatial distance effect and the interaction of different representational levels in the context of multi-level theories of text comprehension. 相似文献