A Test of the Schema Theory of Discrete Motor Learning

The recall schema in a response class of discrete movements was investigated, with variability of practice being manipulated before transfer to a new instance in the response class. After the transfer, the varied-practice group performance was superior to the continuous practice group. The interaction of the low-and high-variability groups from training to recall performance supported the prediction that a group with more variable training would exhibit an increased rate of learning when introduced to a new instance of the response class. After two days, the superiority of the high-variability group over the low disappeared, suggesting the memory representations of the two groups were no different under withdrawal of knowledge of results.     

Trunk-Assisted Prehension: Specification of Body Segments With Imposed Temporal Constraints

The authors used a trunk-assisted prehension task to examine intersegment coordination. Participants (N = 7) reached to grasp an object placed beyond full arm extension, thus requiring trunk flexion to achieve the target object, under 4 varying temporal constraints. Kinematic analyses were performed in which the motions of the arm, the trunk, and the endpoint were characterized. The spatial trajectories and the segments' peak velocity data revealed that under high temporal constraints the arm was more responsible for endpoint motion than the trunk, whereas in the unconstrained condition the trunk was more involved. In addition, the arm exhibited a decline in spatial variability toward the end of the movement in all conditions, whereas the trunk did not. The present study is the first to show that when temporal demand is increased for a trunk-assisted prehensile task, the arm plays a larger role than the trunk in the transport of the hand to the object The data also suggest that the arm participates in the fine accuracy control of the reach, whereas the trunk does not.