The Selection of Freebies and the Preference for Freebie Promotions—A Perspective on Item Characteristics

Research on consumer decision making has mainly focused on individual products; however, many products are purchased with other items as part of a promotional package. This paper explores how the characteristics (hedonic versus utilitarian) of the items in freebie promotional packages (e.g., buy one item and get a different item for free) influence consumers' preference for the promotional package. Additionally, the authors examine how the characteristics of the focal item influence consumers' choice of either a hedonic or a utilitarian freebie item. Five experiments, rooted in the concepts of consumer avoidance of overloading negative emotions and motivation to seek hedonic pleasure, show that a package with one utilitarian and one hedonic item generates higher purchase intentions and willingness to pay than a package with either two hedonic or two utilitarian items. Furthermore, consumers who purchase a hedonic (utilitarian) focal item are more likely to choose a utilitarian (hedonic) freebie. These effects exist not only in hypothetical scenarios but also in an incentive‐compatible design. Moreover, the impact of the focal item characteristics on consumer choice of freebie is moderated by acquisition format and time separation. The authors also explore the internal mechanism influencing consumers' freebie choices. The findings have significant implications for both theory and practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shared leadership and team effectiveness: The examination of LMX differentiation and servant leadership on the emergence and consequences of shared leadership

This study examined the effects of leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation on team-shared leadership and team effectiveness. Drawing on the group engagement model, we suggested that LMX differentiation negatively affects team-shared leadership and team effectiveness (i.e., team performance and team organizational citizenship behavior [OCB]). Servant leadership weakens the negative effects of LMX differentiation on shared leadership. We tested our predictions using data from a sample of 336 salespersons nested in 110 sales teams in China. We found that shared leadership mediated the relationships between LMX differentiation with both team performance and team OCB. In addition, servant leadership moderated the relationship between LMX differentiation and shared leadership and the indirect relationship between LMX differentiation with both team performance and team OCB.     

The social class worldviews of first-generation college students

The social class worldviews (social class beliefs, attitudes, and values) of 14 first-generation college students were investigated with qualitative interviews. Consensual qualitative research analysis revealed first-generation students’ perspectives on the development of their social class worldviews, the effect of these worldviews on their transitions to college, and vice versa. The students’ pre-college beliefs and values promoted hard work and college attendance as a means of financial success. The transition to college created disequilibrium in the social class worldviews of the students interviewed, who in turn responded by attempting to adapt to the new culture, emphasizing their social class background, or downplaying the role of social class in their lives altogether. College professionals working with first-generation students are encouraged to facilitate dialogues with first-generation students about their social class worldview and its impact on students’ engagement with the college community.     

Tunable wave-vector filtering in a two-dimensional electron gas modulated by magnetic barriers and δ-doping

We report a theoretical investigation on the control of wave-vector filtering (WVF) in a two-dimensional electron gas modulated by realistic magnetic barriers and δ-doping, which can be experimentally realised by depositing a ferromagnetic stripe on the surface of a GaAs/Al_xGa_1?xAs heterostructure and using atomic layer doping. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that a sizeable WVF effect still exists even if δ-doping is introduced into the device. Numerical calculation reveals that the WVF efficiency is related closely to the δ-doping. Thus, the WVF effect in a magnetic nanostructure can be conveniently manipulated by properly adjusting the weight and/or the position of the δ-doping, giving rise to a tunable momentum filter for nanoelectronics applications.     

Learning to Quantify Relationships Among Weight,Size, and Kind of Material

In a 1-hour teaching interview, 20 children (aged 7 to 11) discovered how to tell whether objects might be made of the same material by using ratios of measures of weight and size. We examine progress in the children's reasoning about measurement and proportional relations, as well as design features of instruments, materials, and tasks crafted to enable such progress. Findings are discussed in light of theories and research about cognitive development and learning.     

Formation of yittrium oxide in cemented carbides

Rare-earth (RE) elements are helpful in improving the mechanical properties of cemented carbides. In this work, the formation of Y₂O₃ in functionally graded cemented carbides is investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that Y₂O₃ can stabilize the Co phase with the face-centred cubic structure (α-Co), since it has a cubic structure similar to the high-temperature Co phase. The α-Co phase has a higher plasticity than ε-Co, and this suggests a possible mechanism for the role of RE elements in toughening cemented carbides.     

汉语声调对称规则的内隐学习及变异性效应

关于内隐学习能否获得底层的抽象规则,研究一直存在争议。该研究通过有效地控制组块和重复结构等表面特征,并操纵规则所在背景的变异性大小,考察了两种汉语声调对称规则——逆行和倒映的内隐学习。结果发现,只有在背景变异较大时,被试才能够超越组块等表面特征,进而无意识地获得汉语声调对称规则的结构知识。该研究证明内隐学习能够获得抽象规则,并从背景变异性效应的角度为考察该问题提供了新的视角。     

Proactive Personality and Innovative Work Behavior: the Mediating Effects of Affective States and Creative Self-Efficacy in Teachers

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence proactive personality on innovative work behavior in teaching profession and investigate the potential mediating effects of affective states and creative self-efficacy on this relationship. Proactive Personality Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Creative self-efficacy Scale and Teachers’ Innovative Work Behavior Scale were administered to 352 primary and middle school teachers in China. Results showed that proactive personality was significantly positively associated with teachers’ innovative work behavior. Furthermore, mediation analyses revealed that the impact of proactive personality on teachers’ innovative work behavior were simply mediated by positive affect and creative self-efficacy and sequential mediated by positive affect–creative self-efficacy and negative affect–creative self-efficacy. These findings provide a new perspective in understanding the intervening mechanisms underlying proactive personality on innovative work behavior. The possible explanations and limitations are discussed.     

Lexical- and perceptual-based object effects in the two-rectangle cueing paradigm

Previous studies demonstrate that attentional selection can be object-based, in which the object is defined in terms of Gestalt principles or lexical organizations. Here we investigate how attentional selection functions when the two types of objects are manipulated jointly. Experiment 1 replicated Li and Logan (2008) by showing that attentional shift between two Chinese characters is more efficient when they form a compound word than when they form a nonword. Experiment 2A presented characters either alone or within rectangles (Egly, Driver, & Rafal, 1994) and the characters in a rectangle formed either a word or a nonword. Experiment 2B differed from Experiment 2A in that the two characters forming a word were in different rectangles. Experiment 3A presented the two characters of a word either within a rectangle or in different rectangles. Experiment 3B used the same design as Experiment 3A but presented stimuli of different types in random orders, rather than in blocks as in Experiments 2A, 2B and 3A. In blocked presentation, detection responses to the target color on a character were faster when this character and the cue character formed a word than when they did not, and the size of this lexical-based object effect did not vary according to whether the two characters were presented alone or within or between rectangles. In random presentation, however, the lexical-based object effect was diminished when the two characters of a word were presented in different rectangles. Overall, these findings suggest that the processes that constrain attention deployment over conjoined objects can be strategically adjusted.     

Evaluation of a preventive intervention for child anxiety in two randomized attention-control school trials

The present research examined the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) based intervention program, FRIENDS, for children from grades 4 to 6, using random assignment at the school-level and an attention-control design in two longitudinal studies. The first study targeted children with anxiety symptoms (N = 191, mean age = 10.1) as screened with self, parent, and teacher-reports; the second study took a universal approach with full classrooms of children participating (N = 253, mean age = 9.8). The results showed no intervention effect in both studies, with children’s anxiety symptoms decreasing over time regardless of whether they were in the story-reading (attention control) or FRIENDS condition. The findings also indicated that girls reported a higher level of anxiety than boys and children in higher grades reported lower anxiety relative to younger children in both studies. In addition, similar patterns were found using a subgroup of children with high-anxiety symptoms from both studies.