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131.
Two basic approaches to explaining the nature of the mind are the rational and the mechanistic approaches. Rational analyses attempt to characterize the environment and the behavioral outcomes that humans seek to optimize, whereas mechanistic models attempt to simulate human behavior using processes and representations analogous to those used by humans. We compared these approaches with regard to their accounts of how humans learn the variability of categories. The mechanistic model departs in subtle ways from rational principles. In particular, the mechanistic model incrementally updates its estimates of category means and variances through error-driven learning, based on discrepancies between new category members and the current representation of each category. The model yields a prediction, which we verify, regarding the effects of order manipulations that the rational approach does not anticipate. Although both rational and mechanistic models can successfully postdict known findings, we suggest that psychological advances are driven primarily by consideration of process and representation and that rational accounts trail these breakthroughs. 相似文献
132.
Majer JM Jason LA North CS Ferrari JR Porter NS Olson B Davis M Aase D Molloy JP 《American journal of community psychology》2008,42(1-2):145-153
A longitudinal analysis of psychiatric severity was conducted with a national sample of recovering substance abusers living in Oxford Houses, which are self-run, self-help settings. Outcomes related to residents' psychiatric severity were examined at three follow-up intervals over one year. Over time, Oxford House residents with high versus low baseline psychiatric severity reported significantly more days using psychiatric medication, decreased outpatient psychiatric treatment, yet no significant differences for number of days abstinent and time living in an Oxford House. These findings suggest that a high level of psychiatric severity is not an impediment to residing in self-run, self-help settings such as Oxford House among persons with psychiatric comorbid substance use disorders. 相似文献
133.
Tamsin Bradley 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(4):504-515
This article compares two projects designed to train groups of rural Rajasthani women as community health workers. Through
ethnographic research conducted during the training periods of each project I highlight stark differences in the management
and structural approaches. The successful project recognised the importance of rituals, specifically puja, in the daily lives
of participants. Both the NGO management and the trainees performed daily rituals that helped foster a supportive network.
Sensitivity combined with a wider insight into the practical realities and constraints facing women in rural Rajasthan contributed
to the long-term success of the second project. The first project has folded. I argue a lack of open dialogue and real connection
with participants meant the project’s management were unable to adapt /tailor the program to the needs and experiences of
the women involved.
相似文献
Tamsin BradleyEmail: |
134.
This research examined the psychophysiology of emotional arousal anticipatory to potentially aversive and highly pleasant outcomes. Human brain reactions (event-related potentials) and body reactions (heart rate, skin conductance, the probe startle reflex) were assessed along motivational gradients determined by apparent distance from sites of potential punishment or reward. A predator-prey survival context was simulated using cues that signaled possible money rewards or possible losses; the cues appeared to loom progressively closer to the viewer, until a final step when a rapid key response could ensure reward or avoid a punishing loss. The observed anticipatory response patterns of heightened vigilance and physiological mobilization are consistent with the view that the physiology of emotion is founded on action dispositions that evolved in mammals to facilitate survival by dealing with threats or capturing life-sustaining rewards. 相似文献
135.
Antonette M. Zeiss Bradley E. Karlin 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(1):73-78
Integrating mental health care in the primary care setting has been identified in the literature as a model for increasing
access to mental health services and has been associated with enhanced clinical and functional patient outcomes and higher
patient satisfaction. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), which operates the nation’s largest integrated health care
system, has taken a leadership role in creating a health care system in which mental health care is provided in the primary
care setting. This article examines VA’s efforts and progress to date in implementing evidence-based models of integrated
mental health services nationally in community based outpatient clinics, home based primary care, and outpatient primary clinics
at medical facilities. Psychology plays an important role in this progress, as part of an overall interdisciplinary effort,
in which all professions are crucially important and work together to promote the overall well-being of patients.
This article is based in part on a presentation by the first author at the 3rd National Conference of the Association of Psychologists
in Academic Health Centers (APAHC) in May of 2007 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 相似文献
136.
Broman-Fulks JJ Green BA Olatunji BO Berman ME Arnau RC Deacon BJ Sawchuk CN 《Assessment》2008,15(2):188-203
Anxiety sensitivity has been implicated as a risk factor for the development and maintenance of panic and other anxiety disorders. Although researchers have generally assumed that anxiety sensitivity is a dimensional, rather than categorical, variable, recent taxometric research has raised questions concerning the accuracy of this assumption. The present study examined the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity by applying four taxometric procedures (MAXEIG, MAXCOV, MAMBAC, and L-Mode) to data collected from two large nonclinical samples (n = 1,025 and n = 744) using two distinct measures of anxiety sensitivity (Anxiety Sensitivity Profile and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised). In contrast to previous taxometric analyses of anxiety sensitivity, results of the present research provided convergent evidence for a latent anxiety sensitivity dimension. Several potential explanations for the discrepancy between these findings and those of previous research are discussed, as well as the implications of these findings for the conceptualization and measurement of anxiety sensitivity. 相似文献
137.
HOW TO PREDICT FUTURE DURATION FROM PRESENT AGE 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The physicist J. Richard Gott has given an argument which, if good, allows one to make accurate predictions for the future longevity of a process, based solely on its present age. We show that there are problems with some of the details of Gott's argument, but we defend the core thesis: in many circumstances, the greater the present age of a process, the more likely a longer future duration. 相似文献
138.
139.
Michael W. Beets Randy Vogel Stanley Chapman Kenneth H. Pitetti Bradley J. Cardinal 《Sex roles》2007,56(1-2):125-131
In this study we examined the relationships among parental social supportive behaviors for children’s weekday and weekend
outdoor physical activity (OPA). Thirty-nine girls and 29 boys 8 to 11 years wore pedometers for 7 days. Sixty-five mothers
and 50 fathers responded to a social support questionnaire about OPA that was comprised of four dimensions: encouragement,
playing with, use of activity as family recreation, and watch. After controlling for age and sport participation, regression
analyses indicated that mothers’ use of activity as recreation was positively associated with girls’ weekday OPA. On the weekend,
fathers’ play with son was positively related to OPA. The effectiveness of family-based activity interventions depends on
when parents have opportunities to be present for their child’s activity and gender differences in the support provided. 相似文献
140.
The neural consequences of semantic richness: when more comes to mind, less activation is observed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Some concepts have richer semantic representations than others. That is, when considering the meaning of concepts, subjects generate more information (more features, more associates) for some concepts than for others. This variability in semantic richness influences responses in speeded tasks that involve semantic processing, such as lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks. It has been suggested that concepts with richer semantic representations build stronger attractors in semantic space, allowing faster settling of activation patterns and thus faster responding. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural activation associated with semantic richness by contrasting activation for words with high and low numbers of associates in a semantic categorization task. Results were consistent with faster semantic settling for words with richer representations: Words with a low number of semantic associates produced more activation than words with a high number of semantic associates in a number of regions, including left inferior frontal and inferior temporal gyri. 相似文献