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91.
Obedience has been thoroughly studied in social psychology, both in its positive and negative aspects. Nevertheless, in these empirical studies disobedience has been considered to be the opposite of obedience and indeed its negation. Instead, some recent studies suggest that if obedience to authority is important in ensuring the continuity of social and group life, disobedience is crucial, under some circumstances, in stopping the authority relationship from degenerating into an authoritarian relationship. In this perspective, disobedience may be conceived of as a protest undermining the legitimacy of authority, or else it can represent an instrument of the community for controlling the legitimacy of the authority's demands, becoming a factor safeguarding against authoritarianism. The aim of the present study was to empirically verify the dynamics existing between disobedience and obedience. The results show that people who attach importance to both obedience and disobedience in the relationship between the individual and society recognize the importance of democratic values and consider themselves responsible for the defence of human rights. Instead, people who only recognize the value of obedience and consider disobedience as a threat to the status quo are more authoritarian, individualistic people. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The comprehension of non-literal language was investigated in 20 probable Alzheimer's disease (pAD) patients by comparing their performance to that of 20 matched control subjects. pAD patients were unimpaired in the comprehension of conventional metaphors and idioms. However, their performance was significantly lower in the case of non-conventional (novel) metaphor comprehension. This ability was not related to global cognitive deterioration or to deficits in the cognitive domains of attention, memory and language comprehension. On the other hand, the impairment in verbal reasoning appeared to be relevant for both novel and conventional metaphor comprehension. The relationship between novel metaphor comprehension and performance in the visual-spatial planning task of the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) suggests that executive impairment, possibly related to prefrontal dysfunction, may be responsible for the pAD patients' poor performance in novel metaphor comprehension. The present findings suggest a role of the prefrontal cortex in novel metaphor comprehension. 相似文献
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95.
Stefano Predelli 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(3):277-297
This paper argues in favor of a treatment of discourse about fiction in terms of operators on character, that is, Kaplanesque
‘monsters’. The first three sections criticize the traditional analysis of ‘according to the fiction’ as an intensional operator,
and the approach to fictional discourse grounded on the notion of contextual shifts. The final sections explain how an analysis
in terms of monsters yields the correct readings for a variety of examples involving modal and temporal indexicals. 相似文献
96.
Stefano Bertea 《Argumentation》2004,18(4):465-478
This paper defends a position that parts ways with the positivist view of legal certainty and reasonableness. I start out with a reconstruction of this view and move on to argue that an adequate analysis of certainty and reasonableness calls for an alternative approach, one based on the acknowledgement that argumentation is key to determining the contents, structure, and boundaries of a legal system. Here I claim that by endorsing a dialectical notion of rationality this alternative account espouses an ambitious approach to reasoning in law and conceives of the theory of legal argumentation as the vantage point from which to analyze legal systems and tackle the main problems connected with their existence. Next, I look at what this alternative approach does for the way we should go about treating certainty and reasonableness, considered singularly as well as in their reciprocal relationship. I conclude on this basis that when argumentation receives its due emphasis in law we have to redefine certainty and reasonableness and recast their connection as non-conflictive. 相似文献
97.
The System Usability Scale (SUS), developed by Brooke (Usability evaluation in industry, Taylor & Francis, London, pp 189–194,
1996), had a great success among usability practitioners since it is a quick and easy to use measure for collecting users’ usability
evaluation of a system. Recently, Lewis and Sauro (Proceedings of the human computer interaction international conference
(HCII 2009), San Diego CA, USA, 2009) have proposed a two-factor structure—Usability (8 items) and Learnability (2 items)—suggesting that practitioners might
take advantage of these new factors to extract additional information from SUS data. In order to verify the dimensionality
in the SUS’ two-component structure, we estimated the parameters and tested with a structural equation model the SUS structure
on a sample of 196 university users. Our data indicated that both the unidimensional model and the two-factor model with uncorrelated
factors proposed by Lewis and Sauro (Proceedings of the human computer interaction international conference (HCII 2009), San
Diego CA, USA, 2009) had a not satisfactory fit to the data. We thus released the hypothesis that Usability and Learnability are independent
components of SUS ratings and tested a less restrictive model with correlated factors. This model not only yielded a good
fit to the data, but it was also significantly more appropriate to represent the structure of SUS ratings.
相似文献
Simone BorsciEmail: Email: |
98.
In plants, numerous parameters of both biotic and abiotic environments are continuously monitored. Specialized cells are evolutionary-optimized
for effective translation of sensory input into developmental and motoric output. Importantly, diverse physical forces, influences,
and insults induce immediate electric responses in plants. Recent advances in plant cell biology, molecular biology, and sensory
ecology will be discussed in the framework of recently initiated new discipline of plant sciences, namely plant neurobiology. 相似文献
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100.
Roberto Sacchi Fabio Pupin Augusto Gentilli Diego Rubolini Stefano Scali Mauro Fasola Paolo Galeotti 《Aggressive behavior》2009,35(3):274-283
Theoretical models predict that the outcome of dyadic agonistic encounters between males is influenced by resource‐holding potential, resource value, and intrinsic aggressiveness of contestants. Moreover, in territorial disputes residents enjoy a further obvious competitive advantage from the residency itself, owing to the intimate familiarity with their territory. Costs of physical combats are, however, dramatically high in many instances. Thus, signals reliably reflecting fighting ability of the opponents could easily evolve in order to reduce these costs. For example, variation in color morph in polymorphic species has been associated with dominance in several case studies. In this study, we staged asymmetric resident‐intruder encounters in males of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis, a species showing three discrete morphs (white, yellow, and red) to investigate the effects of asymmetries in color morph, residency, and size between contestants on the outcome of territorial contests. We collected aggression data by presenting each resident male with three intruders of different color morph, in three consecutive tests conducted in different days, and videotaping their interactions. The results showed that simple rules such as residency and body size differences could determine the outcome of agonistic interactions: residents were more aggressive than intruders, and larger males were competitively superior to smaller males. However, we did not find any effect of color on male aggression or fighting success, suggesting that color polymorphism in this species is not a signal of status or fighting ability in intermale conflicts. Aggr. Behav. 35:274–283, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献