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Visual search studies have shown that attention can be top-down biased to a specific target color, so that only items with this color or a similar color can capture attention. According to some theories of attention, colors from different categories (i.e., red, green, blue, yellow) are represented independently. However, other accounts have proposed that these are related—either because color is filtered through broad overlapping channels (4-channel view), or because colors are represented in one continuous feature space (e.g., CIE space) and search is governed by specific principles (e.g., linear separability between colors, or top-down tuning to relative colors). The present study tested these different views using a cueing experiment in which observers had to select one target color (e.g., red) and ignore two or four differently colored distractors that were presented prior to the target (cues). The results showed clear evidence for top-down contingent capture by colors, as a target-colored cue captured attention more strongly than differently colored cues. However, the results failed to support any of the proposed views that different color categories are related to one another by overlapping channels, linear separability, or relational guidance (N = 96). 相似文献
73.
Stephan Heinzel Stefanie Schulte Johanna Onken Quynh-Lam Duong Thomas G. Riemer Andreas Heinz 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2014,21(2):146-173
Previous studies on working memory training have indicated that transfer to non-trained tasks of other cognitive domains may be possible. The aim of this study is to compare working memory training and transfer effects between younger and older adults (n = 60). A novel approach to adaptive n-back training (12 sessions) was implemented by varying the working memory load and the presentation speed. All participants completed a neuropsychological battery of tests before and after the training. On average, younger training participants achieved difficulty level 12 after training, while older training participants only reached difficulty level 5. In younger participants, transfer to Verbal Fluency and Digit Symbol Substitution test was found. In older participants, we observed a transfer to Digit Span Forward, CERAD Delayed Recall, and Digit Symbol Substitution test. Results suggest that working memory training may be a beneficial intervention for maintaining and improving cognitive functioning in old age. 相似文献
74.
Fabian Alexander Ryffel Dominique Stefanie Wirz Rinaldo Kühne Werner Wirth 《Media Psychology》2014,17(4):397-419
This study examined the influence of an emotionally arousing writing style on attitude formation and change. It has been proposed that different writing styles induce attitudes based on either affect or cognition and with either high or low certainty. Previous work indicates that the interplay of these attitude characteristics determines the persuasiveness of emotional and rational media appeals. To test the hypotheses, participants in an experimental study read articles from a magazine about a fictitious attitude object. In the first step, 4 different types of attitudes varying in base and level of certainty were induced through a respectively manipulated article. In the second step, these attitudes were challenged by an additional article, which presented either an emotional or rational persuasive appeal. The results supported hypotheses on attitude induction through media stimuli and 3 of 4 hypotheses regarding the persuasiveness of emotionally and rationally written articles. 相似文献
75.
Stefanie Solow Glennon 《Psychoanalytic Dialogues》2016,26(1):50-55
This discussion lauds the richness and in-depth nature of Lauren Levine’s clinical work, including the efficacy of a much needed consultation with a colleague. The analytic work is viewed in light of concerns raised by senior relational analysts in a previous issue of Psychoanalytic Dialogues. Additional thoughts stimulated by the presentation are offered by the discussant. 相似文献
76.
77.
Animal Cognition - Dogs are renowned for ‘looking back’ at humans when confronted with a problem, but it has been questioned whether this implies help-seeking or giving up. We tested 56... 相似文献
78.
Ulrich Kühnen Marieke C. van Egmond Frank Haber Stefanie Kuschel Amina ?zelsel Alexis L. Rossi Youlia Spivak 《Social Psychology of Education》2012,15(1):59-76
The current study investigated the value of Socratic classroom communication (e.g., critical debate and challenging each other
on content matters) among students from various cultures (clustered into Western Europeans, Eastern Europeans and Non-Europeans)
and from members of faculty at an international university in Germany. Students from Western cultures where Socratic communication
had been valued in the school systems reported a greater ease of engaging in the respective communication style than did Eastern
European and Non-European students. Furthermore, we assessed how strongly the faculty valued the respective kinds of behavior.
The results show that overall students underestimated the extent to which Socratic communication behavior was esteemed by
members of faculty. In addition, faculty members perceived themselves to be more explicit about their pedagogical principles
than they were perceived by students. Finally, the easier it was for students to show Socratic classroom communication, the
more academically satisfied they were and the better their grades. The results are discussed with regard to practical implications
and the internationalization of universities. 相似文献
79.
Embodied cognitive science appeals to the idea that cognition depends on the body as well as on the brain. This study looks at whether we are more likely to engage just the brain or enlist the body for complex cognitive functioning such as creative problem solving. Participants were presented with a puzzle based on De Bono’s lateral thinking puzzles. The puzzle consisted of rotating and joining two-dimensional shapes to make a three-dimensional one. In one condition, participants were given the choice of either solving the puzzle mentally or through manipulation of the images on a computer screen. In another condition, the subjects had to solve the puzzle first mentally and then report which mode they would have preferred to solve the puzzle. Two more conditions were applied with slight variations. In all conditions, an overwhelming majority of participants chose to solve the puzzle by manipulation, even though there was not a significant increase on performance. It appeared that participants were making a conscious choice for the body to play a feedback-driven role in creative cognitive processing. This strong preference for manual manipulation over just mental representation, regardless of the impact on performance, would seem to suggest that it is our natural tendency to involve the body in complex cognitive functioning. This would support the theory that cognition may be more than just a neural process, and that it is a dynamic interplay between body, brain and world. The experiential feedback of the body moving through space and time may be an inherently important factor in creative cognition. 相似文献
80.
Stefanie Peykarjou Alissa Westerlund² Viola Macchi Cassia Dana Kuefner Charles A. Nelson 《Developmental science》2013,16(6):905-914
The current study examines the processing of upright and inverted faces in 3‐year‐old children (n = 35). Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a passive looking paradigm including adult and newborn face stimuli. We observed three face‐sensitive components, the P1, the N170 and the P400. Inverted faces elicited shorter P1 latency and larger P400 amplitude. P1 and N170 amplitudes were larger for adult faces. To examine the role of experience in the development of face processing, the processing of adult and newborn faces was compared for children with a younger sibling (n = 23) and children without a younger sibling (n = 12). Age of sibling at test correlated negatively with P1 amplitude for adult and newborn faces. This may indicate more efficient processing of different face ages in children with a younger sibling and potentially reflects a more flexible face representation. 相似文献