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711.
712.
Wegener I Wawrzyniak A Imbierowicz K Conrad R Musch J Geiser F Wermter F Liedtke R 《Psychological reports》2008,103(1):35-47
Attenuated affective processing is hypothesized to play a role in the development and maintenance of obesity. Using an affective priming task measuring automatic affective processing of verbal stimuli, a group of 30 obese participants in a weight-loss program at the Psychosomatic University Clinic Bonn (M age = 48.3, SD = 10.7) was compared with a group of 25 participants of normal weight (M age = 43.6, SD = 12.5). A smaller affective priming effect was observed for participants with obesity, indicating less pronounced reactions to valenced adjectives. The generally reduced affective processing in obese participants was discussed as a possible factor in the etiology of obesity. Individuals who generally show less pronounced affective reactions to a given stimulus may also react with less negative affect when confronted with weight gain or less positive affect when weight is lost. Consequently, they could be expected to be less motivated to stop overeating or to engage in dieting and will have a higher risk of becoming or staying obese. 相似文献
713.
Holmström S Molander B Jansson J Barnekow-Bergqvist M 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2008,49(3):277-286
The present study assesses and evaluates the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Job Stress Survey (JSS; Spielberger, 1991; Spielberger & Vagg, 1999). This instrument is constructed to measure generic sources of occupational stress encountered by employees in a wide variety of work settings, settings that often result in psychological strain. The JSS was administered to metal assembly industry workers and medical service personnel in northern Sweden (n= 1186). The exploratory factor analysis showed that there is a high similarity between the present Swedish version and the original American version. Internal reliabilities of the scales, as well as test-retest reliabilities were shown to be high, and concurrent validity, as examined by comparisons with the Perceived Stress Questionnaire Index (Levenstein et al., 1993) was found to be satisfactory. The consistency of these findings is discussed with particular focus on groups of employees, gender, and cross-cultural evaluations. 相似文献
714.
Syntactic structure and artificial grammar learning: the learnability of embedded hierarchical structures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Embedded hierarchical structures, such as "the rat the cat ate was brown", constitute a core generative property of a natural language theory. Several recent studies have reported learning of hierarchical embeddings in artificial grammar learning (AGL) tasks, and described the functional specificity of Broca's area for processing such structures. In two experiments, we investigated whether alternative strategies can explain the learning success in these studies. We trained participants on hierarchical sequences, and found no evidence for the learning of hierarchical embeddings in test situations identical to those from other studies in the literature. Instead, participants appeared to solve the task by exploiting surface distinctions between legal and illegal sequences, and applying strategies such as counting or repetition detection. We suggest alternative interpretations for the observed activation of Broca's area, in terms of the application of calculation rules or of a differential role of working memory. We claim that the learnability of hierarchical embeddings in AGL tasks remains to be demonstrated. 相似文献
715.
Gamer J Schmukle SC Luka-Krausgrill U Egloff B 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(5):476-480
In this study, we analyzed changes in the strength of self-anxiety associations--as measured by the Implicit Association Test-Anxiety (IAT-Anxiety; Egloff & Schmukle, 2002) and the Social Phobia Anxiety Inventory (SPAI; Turner, Beidel, Dancu, & Stanley, 1989)--following treatment of social anxiety. We assessed socially anxious participants (N = 24) prior to and following a group-based treatment; and we assessed healthy controls (N = 24) at matched time points. Results showed (a) higher implicit and explicit anxiety in socially anxious participants (as compared to controls) prior to treatment and (b) reductions in IAT-Anxiety and SPAI scores of socially anxious participants following treatment. We discuss implications of these results for clinical applications of the IAT. 相似文献
716.
Devon E. Hinton Dara Chhean Stefan G. Hofmann Scott P. Orr Roger K. Pitman 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(2):100-110
In an orthostatic challenge, Cambodian patients with orthostatic panic in the last month (OP patients) sometimes panicked
during orthostatic challenge, whereas those without orthostatic panic in the last month (NOP patients) did not. Also, OP patients
with primarily dizziness during orthostatic challenge panic (OPOCP-D) had a less vigorous physiological response than two other groups: (a) OP patients with primarily palpitations during orthostatic
challenge panic (OPOCP-P) and (b) NOP patients who had no symptoms during orthostatic challenge (NOPNOCP-NS). Among the patients experiencing orthostatic challenge–induced panic (i.e., the OPOCP-D and OPOCP-P patients), there were prominent orthostatic challenge–induced flashbacks and catastrophic cognitions, and the severity of
orthostatic challenge–induced flashbacks and catastrophic cognitions correlated with the severity of orthostatic panic in
the previous month and with the severity of orthostatic challenge–induced panic. 相似文献
717.
Mandy Northover Derrick G. Kourie Andrew Boake Stefan Gruner Alan Northover 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(1):85-113
Over the past four decades, software engineering has emerged as a discipline in its own right, though it has roots both in
computer science and in classical engineering. Its philosophical foundations and premises are not yet well understood. In
recent times, members of the software engineering community have started to search for such foundations. In particular, the
philosophies of Kuhn and Popper have been used by philosophically-minded software engineers in search of a deeper understanding
of their discipline. It seems, however, that professional philosophers of science are not yet aware of this new discourse
within the field of software engineering. Therefore, this article aims to reflect critically upon recent software engineers’
attempts towards a philosophy of software engineering and to introduce our own philosophical thoughts in this context. Finally,
we invite the professional philosophers of science to participate in this interesting new discourse.
相似文献
Stefan GrunerEmail: |
718.
Reber SO Obermeier F Straub RH Veenema AH Neumann ID 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,11(3):225-234
Chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) is a relevant chronic psycho-social stressor for male mice. Here, we investigated effects of CSC on the severity of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and the involvement of adrenal mechanisms. After 19 days of CSC, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 1% DSS (8 days). After 8 days, inflammatory shortening of the colon and the histological inflammation score were increased in CSC mice. Additionally, the increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mesenteric lymph node cells found on day 2 and 4 of DSS treatment was down-regulated in CSC mice on day 8 of DSS treatment, paralleled by an increase in plasma corticosterone. In contrast, in unstressed controls, elevation of cytokine secretion was delayed and only found on day 8 of DSS treatment, associated with a prompt rise in plasma corticosterone. To reveal adrenal mechanisms in CSC-induced effects on colitis, mice were adrenalectomized, exposed to CSC and treated with DSS (8 days). In adrenalectomized CSC mice, the severity of DSS-induced colitis was reduced, as body weight loss, shortening of colon, histological damage score, and cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node cells were diminished compared with sham-operated CSC mice. In conclusion, exposure to chronic psycho-social stress increases the severity of acute DSS colitis, an effect which is, at least partly, mediated by adrenal mechanisms. 相似文献
719.
Light KR Kolata S Hale G Grossman H Matzel LD 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2008,90(2):317-329
"General cognitive ability" describes a trait that transcends specific learning domains and impacts a wide range of cognitive skills. Individual animals (including humans) exhibit wide variations in their expression of this trait. We have previously determined that the propensity for exploration is highly correlated with the general cognitive abilities of individual outbred mice. Here, we asked if inducing an increase in exploratory behaviors would causally promote an increase in animals' general learning abilities. In three experiments, juvenile and young-adult male CD-1 outbred mice were exposed to 12 novel environments starting at post-natal days 39 (juvenile) and 61 (young adult), after which they underwent a series of cognitive and exploratory tests as adults (beginning at post-natal day 79). Exposure to novel environments promoted increases in exploration (across multiple measures) on two different tasks, including an elevated plus maze. However, a subsequent test of general learning abilities (aggregate performance across five distinct learning tasks) determined that exposure to novel environments as juveniles or young-adults had no effect on general learning abilities in adulthood. Therefore, while exposure to novel environments promotes long-lasting increases in mice's exploratory tendencies, these increases in exploration do not appear to causally impact general learning abilities. 相似文献
720.
Stefan Pollmann 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2019,110(2):372-380
When spatial stimulus configurations repeat in visual search, a search facilitation, resulting in shorter search times, can be observed that is due to incidental learning. This contextual cueing effect appears to be rather implicit, uncorrelated with observers’ explicit memory of display configurations. Nevertheless, as I review here, this search facilitation due to contextual cueing depends on visuospatial working memory resources, and it disappears when visuospatial working memory is loaded by a concurrent delayed match to sample task. However, the search facilitation immediately recovers for displays learnt under visuospatial working memory load when this load is removed in a subsequent test phase. Thus, latent learning of visuospatial configurations does not depend on visuospatial working memory, but the expression of learning, as memory‐guided search in repeated displays, does. This working memory dependence has also consequences for visual search with foveal vision loss, where top‐down controlled visual exploration strategies pose high demands on visuospatial working memory, in this way interfering with memory‐guided search in repeated displays. Converging evidence for the contribution of working memory to contextual cueing comes from neuroimaging data demonstrating that distinct cortical areas along the intraparietal sulcus as well as more ventral parieto‐occipital cortex are jointly activated by visual working memory and contextual cueing. 相似文献