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971.
Klaus B. Bærentsen Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen Bo Sommerlund Tue Hartmann Johannes Damsgaard-Madsen Mark Fosnæs Anders C. Green 《Cognitive processing》2010,11(1):57-84
Meditation is an ancient spiritual practice, which aims to still the fluctuations of the mind. We investigated meditation with fMRI in order to identify and characterise both the “neural switch” mechanism used in the
voluntary shift from normal consciousness to meditation and the “threshold regulation mechanism” sustaining the meditative
state. Thirty-one individuals with 1.5–25 years experience in meditation were scanned using a blocked on–off design with 45 s
alternating epochs during the onset of respectively meditation and normal relaxation. Additionally, 21 subjects were scanned
during 14.5 min of sustained meditation. The data were analysed with SPM and ICA. During the onset of meditation, activations
were found bilaterally in the putamen and the supplementary motor cortex, while deactivations were found predominately in
the right hemisphere, the precuneus, the posterior cingulum and the parieto–temporal area. During sustained meditation, SPM
analysis revealed activation in the head of nucleus caudatus. Extensive deactivations were observed in white matter in the
right hemisphere, i.e. mainly in the posterior occipito–parieto–temporal area and in the frontal lobes. ICA identified 38
components including known baseline-resting state components, one of which not only overlaps with the activated area revealed
in the SPM analysis but extends further into frontal, temporal, parietal and limbic areas, and might presumably constitute
a combination of frontoparietal and cinguloopercular task control systems. The identified component processes display varying
degrees of correlation. We hypothesise that a proper characterisation of brain processes during meditation will require an
operational definition of brain dynamics matching a stable state of mind. 相似文献
972.
Michaliszyn D Marchand A Bouchard S Martel MO Poirier-Bisson J 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2010,13(6):689-695
The present study compared the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) in virtuo exposure and in vivo exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Two treatment conditions were compared to a waiting-list condition. A 3-month follow-up evaluation was conducted in order to assess the durability of the treatment effects. Participants were randomly assigned to the treatment groups. A total of 16 participants received the in virtuo treatment, and 16 received the in vivo treatment. The waiting-list condition included 11 participants. Participants received eight 1.5-hour treatment sessions. Efficacy was measured with the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire, the Spider Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ-F), and a Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT). In addition, a clinician administered the Structured Interview for DSM-IV to assess DSM-IV's criteria for specific phobia and severity. Clinical and statistically significant improvements were found for both groups. Differences in treatment groups were found on one of five measures of fear: greater improvement on the SBQ-F beliefs subscale was associated with in vivo exposure. 相似文献
973.
Stefan Van der Stigchel Mark Mills Michael D. Dodd 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(5):1244-1250
The premotor theory of attention predicts that motor movements, including manual movements and eye movements, are preceded by an obligatory shift of attention to the location of the planned response. We investigated whether the shifts of attention evoked by trained spatial cues (e.g., Dodd & Wilson, 2009) are obligatory by using an extreme prediction of the premotor theory: If individuals are trained to associate a color cue with a manual movement to the left or right, the shift of attention evoked by the color cue should also influence eye movements in an unrelated task. Participants were trained to associate an irrelevant color cue with left/right space via a training session in which directional responses were made. Experiment 1 showed that, posttraining, vertical saccades deviated in the direction of the trained response, despite the fact that the color cue was irrelevant. Experiment 2 showed that latencies of horizontal saccades were shorter when an eye movement had to be made in the direction of the trained response. These results demonstrate that the shifts of attention evoked by trained stimuli are obligatory, in addition to providing support for the premotor theory and for a connection between the attentional, motor, and oculomotor systems. 相似文献
974.
A complex sequence learning task was used to determine if the type of coding acquired through physical practice (PP), observation of the stimulus (Obs-S), or observation of stimulus and action (Obs-SA) differs between conditions and whether the type of observation influences subsequent learning of the task when physical practice was permitted. Participants in the Obs-S group were permitted to watch the sequentially illuminated stimuli on the screen. In the Obs-SA group participants could see both flexion-extension movements of the model's arm performing the sequence and the sequentially illuminated stimuli on the screen. Participants in the PP group actually performed the 16-element sequence with their dominant right arm. Delayed retention tests and two inter-manual transfer tests were completed following each of two acquisition sessions. First, the data indicated that learning the sequence structure, as revealed by response time per element, occurred similarly irrespective of the initial practice condition. Secondly, the movement sequence appeared to be coded in abstract visual-spatial coordinates resulting in effector-independent performance. Finally, observing the model's action and sequential stimuli allows participants to transfer the perceived aspects of the movement sequence into efficient coordination patterns when additional physical practice is permitted. 相似文献
975.
Stefan E. Schulenberg Lindsay W. Schnetzer Michael R. Winters Robert R. Hutzell 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2010,40(2):95-102
Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy posits that human life has purpose and that human beings are motivated to discover meaning in
their lives. This paper’s objective is to present a case for incorporating meaning into couples therapy as a way of enhancing
a clinician’s existing approach. Logotherapy is a potentially useful modality, regardless of the clinician’s theoretical orientation,
given its collaborative nature and focus on the significance of meaning and values to the human condition. A logotherapeutic
approach to couples therapy (i.e., meaning-centered couples therapy) would involve values clarification (individually and
collectively) and emphasis on a love that is based on acceptance and self-transcendent growth. Logotherapy techniques are
discussed, a composite illustration is presented, and recommendations for research are offered. 相似文献
976.
To study the process of decision-making under conflict, researchers typically analyze response latency and accuracy. However, these tools provide little evidence regarding how the resolution of conflict unfolds over time. Here, we analyzed the trajectories of mouse movements while participants performed a continuous version of a spatial conflict task (the Simon task). We applied a novel combination of multiple regression analysis and distribution analysis to determine how conflict on the present trial and carry-over from the previous trial affect responding. Response on the previous trial and the degree of conflict on the previous and the current trial all influenced performance, but they did so differently: The previous response influenced the early part of the mouse trajectory, but the degree of previous and current conflict influenced later parts. This suggests that in this task experiencing conflict may not proactively ready the system to handle conflict on the next trial; rather, when conflict is experienced on the subsequent trial the previous compensatory processing may be re-activated more efficiently. 相似文献
977.
978.
Martin Voracek Ulrich S. Tran Stefan G. Dressler 《Personality and individual differences》2010,48(1):72-77
Previously reported associations between low (male-typical) digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative pointer to prenatal testosterone exposure, and high (male-typical) sensation seeking have been inconsistent across studies (alternately present for men, women, either sex, or neither). Addressing this question again in three new studies (N = 198, 188, 1118) produced similarly erratic findings. Meta-analysis of the entire literature (13 studies with nearly 3000 individuals, including unpublished accounts) showed that the current cumulative evidence does not support any negative correlations between 2D:4D and sensation seeking traits. The only significant meta-analytical finding was for right-hand 2D:4D and the experience seeking facet of sensation seeking in both sexes, but this effect accounted for merely 0.4% attributable variance, and moreover was directionally opposite to expectation (i.e., a positive correlation). Discussed are inherent limitations of narrow-scoped approaches (such as via 2D:4D) for elucidating the biological bases of individual difference variables with evidentially intricate neurochemical underpinnings (such as sensation seeking). 相似文献
979.
Stefan G. Hofmann Todd B. Kashdan 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):255-263
Affective style is an individual difference variable that refers to tendencies for regulating emotions. The emotion research
literature has consistently identified three general strategies to handle emotional reactions: some strategies are aimed at
re-adjusting affect to adapt successfully to situational demands; other strategies are intended to conceal or suppress affect;
and a third approach is to tolerate and accept emotions, including unwanted and aversive reactions. We conducted two studies
to develop a self-report measure to assess these affective styles. In the first study (n = 434), a list of 127 items related to this construct was administered. A factor analysis supported three factors: habitual
attempts to conceal or suppress affect (Concealing subscale; 8 items), a general ability to manage, adjust, and work with emotions as needed (Adjusting subscale; 7 items), and an accepting and tolerant attitude toward emotions (Tolerating subscale; 5 items). The scale showed satisfactory internal consistency. Furthermore, the respective subscales showed different
patterns of relations with existing instruments measuring similar constructs. Findings were cross-validated in an independent
sample (n = 495). The factor structure and results of psychometric analyses were replicated. The final 20-item Affective Style Questionnaire
is a brief instrument to measure individual differences in emotion regulation. 相似文献
980.
Stefan E. Schulenberg 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2003,33(1):35-48
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the practice of recommending movies for clients to watch to assist them with their presenting complaints. Movies may be an efficient means of working with some clients who are difficult to reach emotionally through other methods. They also provide a powerful means of observational learning with opportunities to choose among different attitudes and behaviors. The pros and cons of this intervention are discussed, as well as initial suggestions on incorporating films into clinical practice. A cautious approach is recommended, as a systematic series of empirical investigations should be undertaken to more effectively inform clinical practice. Examples of areas to target for future research are provided. 相似文献