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991.
Frank C. P. van der Horst René van der Veer 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2009,45(3):236-252
The work of Robertson and Bowlby is generally seen as complementary, Robertson being the practically oriented observer and Bowlby focusing on theoretical explanations for Robertson's observations. The authors add to this picture an “untold story” of the collaboration between Robertson and Bowlby: the dispute between the two men that arose in the 1960s about the corollaries of separation and the ensuing personal animosity. On the basis of unique archival materials, this until now little known aspect of the history of attachment theory is extensively documented. The deteriorating relationship between Robertson and Bowlby is described against the background of different currents in psychoanalysis in Britain in the interbellum. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
992.
993.
Guido Boella Dov M. Gabbay Leendert van der Torre Serena Villata 《Studia Logica》2009,93(2-3):297-355
In this paper, we introduce the methodology and techniques of meta-argumentation to model argumentation. The methodology of meta-argumentation instantiates Dung’s abstract argumentation theory with an extended argumentation theory, and is thus based on a combination of the methodology of instantiating abstract arguments, and the methodology of extending Dung’s basic argumentation frameworks with other relations among abstract arguments. The technique of meta-argumentation applies Dung’s theory of abstract argumentation to itself, by instantiating Dung’s abstract arguments with meta-arguments using a technique called flattening. We characterize the domain of instantiation using a representation technique based on soundness and completeness. Finally, we distinguish among various instantiations using the technique of specification languages. 相似文献
994.
Thomas Ågotnes Wiebe Van der Hoek Juan A. Rodríguez-Aguilar Carles Sierra Michael Wooldridge 《Studia Logica》2009,92(1):1-26
We define a multi-modal version of Computation Tree Logic (ctl) by extending the language with path quantifiers E
δ
and A
δ
where δ denotes one of finitely many dimensions, interpreted over Kripke structures with one total relation for each dimension. As
expected, the logic is axiomatised by taking a copy of a ctl axiomatisation for each dimension. Completeness is proved by employing the completeness result for ctl to obtain a model along each dimension in turn. We also show that the logic is decidable and that its satisfiability problem
is no harder than the corresponding problem for ctl. We then demonstrate how Normative Systems can be conceived as a natural interpretation of such a multi-dimensional ctl logic.
Presented by Jacek Malinowski 相似文献
995.
Clustering Qualitative Data Based on Binary Equivalence Relations: Neighborhood Search Heuristics for the Clique Partitioning Problem 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The clique partitioning problem (CPP) requires the establishment of an equivalence relation for the vertices of a graph such
that the sum of the edge costs associated with the relation is minimized. The CPP has important applications for the social
sciences because it provides a framework for clustering objects measured on a collection of nominal or ordinal attributes.
In such instances, the CPP incorporates edge costs obtained from an aggregation of binary equivalence relations among the
attributes. We review existing theory and methods for the CPP and propose two versions of a new neighborhood search algorithm
for efficient solution. The first version (NS-R) uses a relocation algorithm in the search for improved solutions, whereas
the second (NS-TS) uses an embedded tabu search routine. The new algorithms are compared to simulated annealing (SA) and tabu
search (TS) algorithms from the CPP literature. Although the heuristics yielded comparable results for some test problems,
the neighborhood search algorithms generally yielded the best performances for large and difficult instances of the CPP. 相似文献
996.
Marja van den Heuvel-Panhuizen Alexander Robitzsch Adri Treffers Olaf Köller 《Psychometrika》2009,74(2):351-365
This article discusses large-scale assessment of change in student achievement and takes the study by Hickendorff, Heiser,
Van Putten, and Verhelst (2009) as an example. This study compared the achievement of students in the Netherlands in 1997 and 2004 on written division problems.
Based on this comparison, they claim that there is a performance decline in this subdomain of mathematics, and that there
is a move from applying the digit-based long division algorithm to a less accurate way of working without writing down anything.
In our discussion of this study, we address methodological challenges that come in when investigating long-term trends in
student achievements, such as the need for adequate operationalizations, the influence of the time of measurement and the
necessity of the comparability of assessments, the effect of the assessment format, and the importance of inclusion relevant
covariates in item response models. All these issues matter when assessing change in student achievement. 相似文献
997.
Response times on test items are easily collected in modern computerized testing. When collecting both (binary) responses
and (continuous) response times on test items, it is possible to measure the accuracy and speed of test takers. To study the
relationships between these two constructs, the model is extended with a multivariate multilevel regression structure which
allows the incorporation of covariates to explain the variance in speed and accuracy between individuals and groups of test
takers. A Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computation enables straightforward estimation of all model
parameters. Model-specific implementations of a Bayes factor (BF) and deviance information criterium (DIC) for model selection
are proposed which are easily calculated as byproducts of the MCMC computation. Both results from simulation studies and real-data
examples are given to illustrate several novel analyses possible with this modeling framework.
The authors thank Steven Wise, James Madison University, and Pere Joan Ferrando, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, for generously
making available their data sets for the empirical examples in this paper. 相似文献
998.
Immo Fritsche Thomas Kessler Amélie Mummendey Jörg Neumann 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(1):3-21
Violations of social norms can either be evaluated in an absolute or in a gradual fashion depending on whether group goals are represented as minimal or maximal goals. Recent research has shown that absolute versus gradual deviations lead to increased levels of demanded punishment and inclination to exclude the deviant from the respective moral community. In this article, we investigate whether individual differences in orientation towards setting goals in either minimal or maximal terms predict reactions to norm violation. In three studies we found that a dominant minimal goal orientation (MIN) relative to maximal goal orientation (MAX) increased punishment inclinations and social exclusion tendencies towards norm violators. These effects were mediated by affective reaction and proved to be unique goal orientation effects when possible effects of need for closure, intolerance of ambiguity and regulatory focus were controlled for. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
999.
Stefanie Kehrer Antje Kraft Kerstin Irlbacher Stefan P. Koch Herbert Hagendorf Norbert Kathmann Stephan A. Brandt 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):751-761
Event-related potentials were measured to investigate the role of visual spatial attention mechanisms in conflict processing.
We suggested that a more difficult target selection leads to stronger attentional top-down control, thereby reducing the effects
of arising conflicts. This hypothesis was tested by varying the selection difficulty in a location negative priming (NP) paradigm.
The difficult task resulted in prolonged responses as compared to the easy task. A behavioral NP effect was only evident in
the easy task. Psychophysiologically the easy task was associated with reduced parietal N1, enhanced frontocentral N2 and
N2pc components and a prolonged P3 latency for the conflict as compared to the control condition. The N2pc effect was also
obvious in the difficult task. Additionally frontocentral N2 amplitudes increased and latencies of N2pc and P3 were delayed
compared to the easy task. The differences at frontocentral and parietal electrodes are consistent with previous studies ascribing
activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex as the source of top-down attentional control. Thus, we propose that stronger
cognitive control is involved in the difficult task, resulting in a reduced behavioral NP conflict. 相似文献
1000.
Majerus S Heiligenstein L Gautherot N Poncelet M Van der Linden M 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,103(1):66-86
This study investigated the role of auditory selective attention capacities as a possible mediator of the well-established association between verbal short-term memory (STM) and vocabulary development. A total of 47 6- and 7-year-olds were administered verbal immediate serial recall and auditory attention tasks. Both task types probed processing of item and serial order information because recent studies have shown this distinction to be critical when exploring relations between STM and lexical development. Multiple regression and variance partitioning analyses highlighted two variables as determinants of vocabulary development: (a) a serial order processing variable shared by STM order recall and a selective attention task for sequence information and (b) an attentional variable shared by selective attention measures targeting item or sequence information. The current study highlights the need for integrative STM models, accounting for conjoined influences of attentional capacities and serial order processing capacities on STM performance and the establishment of the lexical language network. 相似文献