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891.
Finke K Schwarzkopf W Müller U Frodl T Müller HJ Schneider WX Engel RR Riedel M Möller HJ Hennig-Fast K 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2011,120(4):890-901
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists frequently into adulthood. The decomposition of endophenotypes by means of experimental neuro-cognitive assessment has the potential to improve diagnostic assessment, evaluation of treatment response, and disentanglement of genetic and environmental influences. We assessed four parameters of attentional capacity and selectivity derived from simple psychophysical tasks (verbal report of briefly presented letter displays) and based on a "theory of visual attention." These parameters are mathematically independent, quantitative measures, and previous studies have shown that they are highly sensitive for subtle attention deficits. Potential reductions of attentional capacity, that is, of perceptual processing speed and working memory storage capacity, were assessed with a whole report paradigm. Furthermore, possible pathologies of attentional selectivity, that is, selection of task-relevant information and bias in the spatial distribution of attention, were measured with a partial report paradigm. A group of 30 unmedicated adult ADHD patients and a group of 30 demographically matched healthy controls were tested. ADHD patients showed significant reductions of working memory storage capacity of a moderate to large effect size. Perceptual processing speed, task-based, and spatial selection were unaffected. The results imply a working memory deficit as an important source of behavioral impairments. The theory of visual attention parameter working memory storage capacity might constitute a quantifiable and testable endophenotype of ADHD. 相似文献
892.
This study examined whether automatic stereotypes captured by the implicit association test (IAT) can predict real hiring discrimination against the obese. In an unobtrusive field experiment, job applications were sent to a large number of real job vacancies. The applications were matched on credentials but differed with respect to the applicant's weight. Discriminatory behavior was quantified by the extent to which the hiring managers invited normal-weight versus obese applicants to a job interview. Several months after the behavioral data were obtained, the hiring managers completed an obesity IAT and explicit hiring preference measures. Only the IAT scores reliably predicted interview decisions. More specifically, hiring managers holding more negative automatic stereotypes about the obese were less likely to invite an obese applicant for an interview. The present research is the first to show that automatic bias predicts labor market discrimination against obese individuals. Practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
893.
We examined the therapeutic efficacy of a culturally adapted form of CBT (CA-CBT) for PTSD as compared to applied muscle relaxation (AMR) for female Latino patients with treatment-resistant PTSD. Participants were randomized to receive either CA-CBT (n = 12) or AMR (n = 12), and were assessed before treatment, after treatment, and at a 12-week follow-up. The treatments were manualized and delivered in the form of group therapy across 14 weekly sessions. Assessments included a measure of PTSD, anxiety, culturally relevant idioms of distress (nervios and ataque de nervios), and emotion regulation ability. Patients receiving CA-CBT improved significantly more than in the AMR condition. Effect size estimates showed very large reductions in PTSD symptoms from pretreatment to posttreatment in the CA-CBT group (Cohen’s d = 2.6) but only modest improvements in the AMR group (0.8). These results suggest that CA-CBT can be beneficial for previously treatment-resistant PTSD in Latino women. 相似文献
894.
895.
Janne C. Visser Sanny Smeekens Nanda Rommelse Robbert J. Verkes Rutger J. van der Gaag Jan K. Buitelaar 《Infant mental health journal》2010,31(6):611-629
The information provided by parents is indispensable for the early identification of psychopathology; for this reason, developmentally appropriate, reliable, and valid questionnaires are needed to gather their information. This study was designed to examine the utility of the Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA), a parent‐report questionnaire covering a wide range of behavior and emotional problems and competencies, in preschoolers referred for child psychiatric evaluation. The fathers and mothers of 85 children (23.2% girls; age 15–57 months) with autism spectrum, externalizing, or internalizing disorders completed the ITSEA, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/2–3 and 4–18 versions), and the child domain of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI). The ITSEA showed good interrater reliability between parents, and validity was supported by significant correlations with corresponding CBCl and PSI domains. Evidence supporting the validity of the ITSEA for psychopathology was mixed across scales, with good diagnostic accuracy at the level of the broader psychiatric syndromes being achieved by the combination of subscales within the Externalizing, Internalizing, and Competence domains. The value of the ITSEA lies in the ability to systematically evaluate a wide range of problem behaviors and competencies. The ITSEA may be useful to create profiles of children's functioning in preschoolers referred for psychiatric assessment. 相似文献
896.
Three aspects of free association, namely the technical aspect, the aspect of content and the processual aspect, are examined in terms of the ideological development of this concept, which is still central for psychoanalysis. Further, it is shown that the theoretical conception of free association and of its claim and scope as well as the communication of the fundamental rule have changed in the course of time. New studies in basic research could lead to a reassessment of free association. 相似文献
897.
The major goal of the present study was to investigate the potential influence of age on the relationship among performance measures derived from a Hick reaction time task and general intelligence (psychometric g). Participants were 130 male and 130 female younger adults (mean age: 24.6 years) covering a wide range of individual levels of intelligence. Results from structural-equation modelling analyses clearly indicate that there is no evidence for the notion of a general speed factor underlying psychometric g. A much more sufficient model is provided by the assumption that median reaction time (RTmd) and intraindividual variability of reaction time (RTSD), though highly correlated, reflect two distinct sources of variance for psychometric g. While age was negatively associated with RTmd, no such relationship could be established for RTSD. 相似文献
898.
Common coding theory states that perception and action may reciprocally induce each other. Consequently, motor expertise should
map onto perceptual consistency in specific tasks such as predicting the exact timing of a musical entry. To test this hypothesis,
ten string musicians (motor experts), ten non-string musicians (visual experts), and ten non-musicians were asked to watch
progressively occluded video recordings of a first violinist indicating entries to fellow members of a string quartet. Participants
synchronised with the perceived timing of the musical entries. Results revealed significant effects of motor expertise on
perception. Compared to visual experts and non-musicians, string players not only responded more accurately, but also with
less timing variability. These findings provide evidence that motor experts’ consistency in movement execution—a key characteristic
of expert motor performance—is mirrored in lower variability in perceptual judgements, indicating close links between action
competence and perception. 相似文献
899.
The term ‘branching’ refers to processes needed for successful reuptake of a task after interruption by another task. Based
on a model of human prefrontal cognitive architecture, it has been postulated that people cannot branch recursively between
more than two tasks due to a capacity limit built into the cognitive architecture (Koechlin and Hyafil in Science 318:594–598,
2007). As an alternative to a structural limit for recursive branching between more than two tasks we put forward the hypothesis
that working memory capacity is the limiting factor in recursive branching. We tested this hypothesis by independently varying
working memory load and number of recursive branching steps. Successful branching between up to four tasks was observed, as
long as working memory load was kept low. Our data, thus, do not support the proposition of a structural limit to recursive
branching beyond two tasks. Instead, they suggest that working memory capacity limit is the most important factor that limits
the capacity for branching. We further observed that the requirement to retain task sets and task contents additively contributed
to the difficulty of recursive branching. In a broader context, our data thus support working memory models that conceptualize
working memory and executive functions not as separate modules, but as tightly interactive processes. 相似文献
900.
Franziska Clemens Pär Anders Granhag Leif A. Strömwall Aldert Vrij Sara Landström Emma Roos af Hjelmsäter Maria Hartwig 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(7):925-940
Research has shown that cues to deception are more salient as an effect of strategic use of evidence (SUE) during interviews. This study examined the feasibility of the SUE‐technique for eliciting cues to children's deception. Experiment 1 investigated verbal cues to deception as a function of early vs. late disclosure of evidence. Eighty‐four children (12–14 years) either guilty or innocent of a mock crime were interviewed. As predicted, deceptive statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than truthful statements, and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. In Experiment 2, adult observers (N = 168) made veracity assessments of the videotaped statements. Observers in the late disclosure condition achieved an accuracy rate higher than chance (63.1%), whereas accuracy rates in the early disclosure condition were at chance level (56%). Accuracy rates were significantly higher for truthful (70.2%), than deceptive statements (48.8%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献