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761.
Thijs Verwijmeren Johan C. Karremans Stefan F. Bernritter Wolfgang Stroebe Daniël H.J. Wigboldus 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2013,49(6):1124-1129
As it has been demonstrated that subliminal advertising can affect consumers' decisions – if the ad is goal relevant – the question rises whether consumers are able to shield themselves from subliminal influences. In the present research it was examined whether warning people of the presence of subliminal ads could decrease subliminal advertising effects. In Study 1, it was demonstrated that warning people of subliminal ads indeed diminished priming effects on consumer choice, whereas subliminal advertising effects were replicated for people who were not warned (i.e., people for whom the primed brand was goal relevant were more likely to select it when primed). Study 2 extended these findings, revealing that both participants warned before and after the priming manipulation were less influenced by subliminal brand primes than controls. This suggests that the warning does not decrease participants' sensitivity to the prime, but instead affects the influence of the prime at the behavioral level. Several explanations and implications are discussed. 相似文献
762.
Sarah Hirschmüller Boris Egloff Stefan C. Schmukle Steffen Nestler Mitja D. Back 《Journal of personality》2015,83(2):221-228
Prior studies have consistently found a surprising inaccuracy of people's neuroticism judgments at zero acquaintance. Based on the Realistic Accuracy Model (Funder, 1995), we hypothesize that this is due to a lack of relevance of the situation in which targets are typically observed. Fifty participants were videotaped in a highly trait‐relevant (i.e., socially stressful) situation as well as three less relevant situations. An aggregate of self‐reports and informant reports was used as the accuracy criterion. Four independent groups of unacquainted observers judged participants' neuroticism based on these short video sequences. Results showed that neuroticism judgments were significantly more accurate for the most trait‐relevant situation compared with the other three situations. This finding can be explained using lens model analyses: Only in the most relevant situation did neuroticism predict both visual nervousness and vocal nervousness, both of which in turn predicted neuroticism judgments by lay observers. Our findings show that strangers are sensitive to interindividual differences in neuroticism as long as targets are observed in a trait‐relevant situation. 相似文献
763.
764.
In recent years, a growing number of researchers have examined the watching eyes phenomenon (i.e., increased prosocial and decreased antisocial behavior when subtle watching eyes are present in the environment). Somewhat surprisingly, the questions of how and under what conditions subtle cues of being watched operate have been unanswered so far. The present contribution addresses this research gap. In two studies, we document that (a) subtle cues of being watched induce a sense of being seen and (b) chronic public self‐awareness moderates the watching eyes phenomenon in that specifically individuals with strong chronic public self‐awareness show more prosocial behavior under conditions of watching eyes. The applicability of subtle cues of being watched in research on social presence is discussed. 相似文献
765.
Reserve price and competing bids: Reference points for product evaluations in online auctions?
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With an increasing number of products sold in online auctions, the effect of reference points on consumers' product valuations has received much attention in the literature. Two potentially relevant factors affecting bidders' preferences are the sellers' reserve price and the competing bids by other bidders. The current evidence regarding these reference points is mixed. We argue that a focus on studying bids prevents a clear identification of reference point effects. Directly observing product valuations, in two experiments, we find that willingness to pay in online auctions is affected by both reserve prices and competing bids, supporting the constructed values paradigm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
766.
Federica Scarpina Stefan Van der Stigchel Tanja Cornelia Wilhelmina Nijboer Hendrik Christiaan Dijkerman 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2015,9(1):21-32
Prism adaptation involves a proprioceptive, a visual and a motor component. As the existing paradigms are not able to distinguish between these three components, the contribution of the proprioceptive component remains unclear. In the current study, a proprioceptive judgement task, in the absence of motor responses, was used to investigate how prism adaptation would specifically influences the felt position of the hands in healthy participants. The task was administered before and after adaptation to left and right displacing prisms using either the left or the right hand during the adaptation procedure. The results appeared to suggest that the prisms induced a drift in the felt position of the hands, although the after‐effect depended on the combination of the pointing hand and the visual deviation induced by prisms. The results are interpreted as in line with the hypothesis of an asymmetrical neural architecture of somatosensory processing. Moreover, the passive proprioception of the hand position revealed different effects of proprioceptive re‐alignment compared to active pointing straight ahead: different mechanisms about how visuo‐proprioceptive discrepancy is resolved were hypothesized. 相似文献
767.
Philipp Thomas Thomas Rammsayer Karl Schweizer Stefan Troche 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2015,11(1):3-13
Numerous studies reported a strong link between working memory capacity (WMC) and
fluid intelligence (Gf), although views differ in respect to
how close these two constructs are related to each other. In the present study,
we used a WMC task with five levels of task demands to assess the relationship
between WMC and Gf by means of a new methodological approach
referred to as fixed-links modeling. Fixed-links models belong to the family of
confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and are of particular interest for
experimental, repeated-measures designs. With this technique, processes
systematically varying across task conditions can be disentangled from processes
unaffected by the experimental manipulation. Proceeding from the assumption that
experimental manipulation in a WMC task leads to increasing demands on WMC, the
processes systematically varying across task conditions can be assumed to be
WMC-specific. Processes not varying across task conditions, on the other hand,
are probably independent of WMC. Fixed-links models allow for representing these
two kinds of processes by two independent latent variables. In contrast to
traditional CFA where a common latent variable is derived from the different
task conditions, fixed-links models facilitate a more precise or purified
representation of the WMC-related processes of interest. By using fixed-links
modeling to analyze data of 200 participants, we identified a non-experimental
latent variable, representing processes that remained constant irrespective of
the WMC task conditions, and an experimental latent variable which reflected
processes that varied as a function of experimental manipulation. This latter
variable represents the increasing demands on WMC and, hence, was considered a
purified measure of WMC controlled for the constant processes. Fixed-links
modeling showed that both the purified measure of WMC (β = .48) as well as the
constant processes involved in the task (β = .45) were related to
Gf. Taken together, these two latent variables explained
the same portion of variance of Gf as a single latent variable
obtained by traditional CFA (β = .65) indicating that traditional CFA causes an
overestimation of the effective relationship between WMC and
Gf. Thus, fixed-links modeling provides a feasible method for a
more valid investigation of the functional relationship between specific
constructs. 相似文献
768.
769.
Christopher Sinke Janina Neufeld Markus Zedler Hinderk M. Emrich Stefan Bleich Thomas F. Münte Gregor R. Szycik 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2014,8(1):94-106
Recent research suggests synesthesia as a result of a hypersensitive multimodal binding mechanism. To address the question whether multimodal integration is altered in synesthetes in general, grapheme‐colour and auditory‐visual synesthetes were investigated using speech‐related stimulation in two behavioural experiments. First, we used the McGurk illusion to test the strength and number of illusory perceptions in synesthesia. In a second step, we analysed the gain in speech perception coming from seen articulatory movements under acoustically noisy conditions. We used disyllabic nouns as stimulation and varied signal‐to‐noise ratio of the auditory stream presented concurrently to a matching video of the speaker. We hypothesized that if synesthesia is due to a general hyperbinding mechanism this group of subjects should be more susceptible to McGurk illusions and profit more from the visual information during audiovisual speech perception. The results indicate that there are differences between synesthetes and controls concerning multisensory integration – but in the opposite direction as hypothesized. Synesthetes showed a reduced number of illusions and had a reduced gain in comprehension by viewing matching articulatory movements in comparison to control subjects. Our results indicate that rather than having a hypersensitive binding mechanism, synesthetes show weaker integration of vision and audition. 相似文献
770.
One of the earliest accounts of duration perception by Karl von Vierordt implied a common process underlying the timing of intervals in the sub-second and the second range. To date, there are two major explanatory approaches for the timing of brief intervals: the Common Timing Hypothesis and the Distinct Timing Hypothesis. While the common timing hypothesis also proceeds from a unitary timing process, the distinct timing hypothesis suggests two dissociable, independent mechanisms for the timing of intervals in the sub-second and the second range, respectively. In the present paper, we introduce confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to elucidate the internal structure of interval timing in the sub-second and the second range. Our results indicate that the assumption of two mechanisms underlying the processing of intervals in the second and the sub-second range might be more appropriate than the assumption of a unitary timing mechanism. In contrast to the basic assumption of the distinct timing hypothesis, however, these two timing mechanisms are closely associated with each other and share 77% of common variance. This finding suggests either a strong functional relationship between the two timing mechanisms or a hierarchically organized internal structure. Findings are discussed in the light of existing psychophysical and neurophysiological data. 相似文献