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141.
Dipl.-Psych. Thomas Schmidt Dr. med. Stefan Lanquillon Dr. phil. Dipl.-Psych. Utz Ullmann 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2011,5(3):177-183
The value of symptom validity tests in a forensic context is currently the subject of a controversial debate in Germany. The discussion primarily focuses on neuropsychological symptom validity tests, however, tests specific for mental disorders are neglected. Unfortunately, no assessment tools for symptom validation of mental disorders of German origin are available and adaptations of available English state of the art instruments have not yet been tested. Further research of assessment development and qualitative analysis of the decision-making process in medicolegal evaluation is needed in German speaking countries. 相似文献
142.
Rapee RM Kim J Wang J Liu X Hofmann SG Chen J Oh KY Bögels SM Arman S Heinrichs N Alden LE 《Behavior Therapy》2011,42(3):485-492
The current study compared the predicted social and career impact of socially withdrawn and reticent behaviors among participants from Western and East Asian countries. Three hundred sixty-one college students from 5 Western countries and 455 students from 3 East Asian countries read hypothetical vignettes describing socially withdrawn and shy behaviors versus socially outgoing and confident behaviors. Participants then answered questions following each vignette indicating the extent to which they would expect the subject of the vignette to be socially liked and to succeed in their career. Participants also completed measures of their own social anxiety and quality of life. The results indicated significant vignette-by-country interactions in that the difference in perceived social and career impact between shy and outgoing vignettes was smaller among participants from East Asian countries than from Western countries. In addition, significant negative correlations were shown between personal level of shyness and experienced quality of life for participants from both groups of countries, but the size of this relationship was greater for participants from Western than East Asian countries. The results point to the more negative impact of withdrawn and socially reticent behaviors for people from Western countries relative to those from East Asia. 相似文献
143.
We examined the therapeutic efficacy of a culturally adapted form of CBT (CA-CBT) for PTSD as compared to applied muscle relaxation (AMR) for female Latino patients with treatment-resistant PTSD. Participants were randomized to receive either CA-CBT (n = 12) or AMR (n = 12), and were assessed before treatment, after treatment, and at a 12-week follow-up. The treatments were manualized and delivered in the form of group therapy across 14 weekly sessions. Assessments included a measure of PTSD, anxiety, culturally relevant idioms of distress (nervios and ataque de nervios), and emotion regulation ability. Patients receiving CA-CBT improved significantly more than in the AMR condition. Effect size estimates showed very large reductions in PTSD symptoms from pretreatment to posttreatment in the CA-CBT group (Cohen’s d = 2.6) but only modest improvements in the AMR group (0.8). These results suggest that CA-CBT can be beneficial for previously treatment-resistant PTSD in Latino women. 相似文献
144.
The major goal of the present study was to investigate the potential influence of age on the relationship among performance measures derived from a Hick reaction time task and general intelligence (psychometric g). Participants were 130 male and 130 female younger adults (mean age: 24.6 years) covering a wide range of individual levels of intelligence. Results from structural-equation modelling analyses clearly indicate that there is no evidence for the notion of a general speed factor underlying psychometric g. A much more sufficient model is provided by the assumption that median reaction time (RTmd) and intraindividual variability of reaction time (RTSD), though highly correlated, reflect two distinct sources of variance for psychometric g. While age was negatively associated with RTmd, no such relationship could be established for RTSD. 相似文献
145.
The term ‘branching’ refers to processes needed for successful reuptake of a task after interruption by another task. Based
on a model of human prefrontal cognitive architecture, it has been postulated that people cannot branch recursively between
more than two tasks due to a capacity limit built into the cognitive architecture (Koechlin and Hyafil in Science 318:594–598,
2007). As an alternative to a structural limit for recursive branching between more than two tasks we put forward the hypothesis
that working memory capacity is the limiting factor in recursive branching. We tested this hypothesis by independently varying
working memory load and number of recursive branching steps. Successful branching between up to four tasks was observed, as
long as working memory load was kept low. Our data, thus, do not support the proposition of a structural limit to recursive
branching beyond two tasks. Instead, they suggest that working memory capacity limit is the most important factor that limits
the capacity for branching. We further observed that the requirement to retain task sets and task contents additively contributed
to the difficulty of recursive branching. In a broader context, our data thus support working memory models that conceptualize
working memory and executive functions not as separate modules, but as tightly interactive processes. 相似文献
146.
147.
This study’s purpose was to use confirmatory factor analysis to compare published factor-analytic models of the 20-item Purpose in Life test (PIL) to identify the one that provides the best fit to the data. To date many different models have been described, with limited evidence to support whether they are replicable. This study utilized data from undergraduates (N = 620) from a medium-sized university located in the southern United States. Ten different PIL models were tested, with support found for the two-factor model (exciting life, purposeful life) of Morgan and Farsides. Recommendations and implications for research are provided. 相似文献
148.
This is a review of the book “Happiness around the world: the paradox of happy peasants and miserable millionaires,” written
by Carol Graham, and published in 2009 by Oxford University Press Inc., of New York, USA. This book’s major aim is to address
what makes people happy from an economic point of view. The aim of the book is twofold: first, to address the shortcomings
of economic assumptions and research methodologies and second, to introduce the lessons learned from happiness surveys into
policy. The book is recommended to a broader diverse audience, including social scientists and economists. The book could
also be of assistance to research methodologies for economists at large. 相似文献
149.
Kerschreiter R Schulz-Hardt S Mojzisch A Frey D 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2008,34(5):679-691
When searching for information, groups that are homogeneous regarding their members' prediscussion decision preferences show a strong bias for information that supports rather than conflicts with the prevailing opinion (confirmation bias). The present research examined whether homogeneous groups blindly search for information confirming their beliefs irrespective of the anticipated task or whether they are sensitive to the usefulness of new information for this forthcoming task. Results of three experiments show that task sensitivity depends on the groups' confidence in the correctness of their decision: Moderately confident groups displayed a strong confirmation bias when they anticipated having to give reasons for their decision but showed a balanced information search or even a dis confirmation bias (i.e., predominately seeking conflicting information) when they anticipated having to refute counterarguments. In contrast, highly confident groups demonstrated a strong confirmation bias independent of the anticipated task requirements. 相似文献
150.
Panzer et al. [Panzer, S., Wilde, H., & Shea, C. H. (2006). The learning of two similar complex movement sequences: Proactive and retroactive effects on learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 38, 60-70] found evidence to indicate that the memory state(s) underpinning the production of a movement sequence that was practiced for one day was essentially "overwritten" when another similar sequence was subsequently practiced on the next day. An interference paradigm was used to determine if additional practice on the first sequence would insulate it from retroactive interference arising from learning a new similar sequence. Participants produced the sequences by moving a lever with their right arm/hand to sequentially presented target locations. The experimental group practiced one 16-element movement sequence (S1) for two consecutive days. A second 16-element sequence (S2) was practiced on Day 3. The sequence practiced on Day 3 was created by switching the positions of 2 of 16 elements in the sequence practiced on the first day. Control groups received either two days of practice on S1 or one day of practice on S2. Contrary to our earlier findings (Panzer, Wilde, & Shea, 2006) of strong retroactive interference when S1 was only practiced for one day, we found no evidence of retroactive interference when S1 was practiced for two days prior to the switch to S2 practice. Interestingly, but also contrary to our earlier findings, we found the learning of S2 was facilitated by the prior practice of S1. This proactive facilitation was observed in S2 acquisition and on the S2 retention test. 相似文献