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731.
Devon E. Hinton Dara Chhean Stefan G. Hofmann Scott P. Orr Roger K. Pitman 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(2):100-110
In an orthostatic challenge, Cambodian patients with orthostatic panic in the last month (OP patients) sometimes panicked
during orthostatic challenge, whereas those without orthostatic panic in the last month (NOP patients) did not. Also, OP patients
with primarily dizziness during orthostatic challenge panic (OPOCP-D) had a less vigorous physiological response than two other groups: (a) OP patients with primarily palpitations during orthostatic
challenge panic (OPOCP-P) and (b) NOP patients who had no symptoms during orthostatic challenge (NOPNOCP-NS). Among the patients experiencing orthostatic challenge–induced panic (i.e., the OPOCP-D and OPOCP-P patients), there were prominent orthostatic challenge–induced flashbacks and catastrophic cognitions, and the severity of
orthostatic challenge–induced flashbacks and catastrophic cognitions correlated with the severity of orthostatic panic in
the previous month and with the severity of orthostatic challenge–induced panic. 相似文献
732.
Mandy Northover Derrick G. Kourie Andrew Boake Stefan Gruner Alan Northover 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(1):85-113
Over the past four decades, software engineering has emerged as a discipline in its own right, though it has roots both in
computer science and in classical engineering. Its philosophical foundations and premises are not yet well understood. In
recent times, members of the software engineering community have started to search for such foundations. In particular, the
philosophies of Kuhn and Popper have been used by philosophically-minded software engineers in search of a deeper understanding
of their discipline. It seems, however, that professional philosophers of science are not yet aware of this new discourse
within the field of software engineering. Therefore, this article aims to reflect critically upon recent software engineers’
attempts towards a philosophy of software engineering and to introduce our own philosophical thoughts in this context. Finally,
we invite the professional philosophers of science to participate in this interesting new discourse.
相似文献
Stefan GrunerEmail: |
733.
734.
Reber SO Obermeier F Straub RH Veenema AH Neumann ID 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,11(3):225-234
Chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) is a relevant chronic psycho-social stressor for male mice. Here, we investigated effects of CSC on the severity of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and the involvement of adrenal mechanisms. After 19 days of CSC, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 1% DSS (8 days). After 8 days, inflammatory shortening of the colon and the histological inflammation score were increased in CSC mice. Additionally, the increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mesenteric lymph node cells found on day 2 and 4 of DSS treatment was down-regulated in CSC mice on day 8 of DSS treatment, paralleled by an increase in plasma corticosterone. In contrast, in unstressed controls, elevation of cytokine secretion was delayed and only found on day 8 of DSS treatment, associated with a prompt rise in plasma corticosterone. To reveal adrenal mechanisms in CSC-induced effects on colitis, mice were adrenalectomized, exposed to CSC and treated with DSS (8 days). In adrenalectomized CSC mice, the severity of DSS-induced colitis was reduced, as body weight loss, shortening of colon, histological damage score, and cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node cells were diminished compared with sham-operated CSC mice. In conclusion, exposure to chronic psycho-social stress increases the severity of acute DSS colitis, an effect which is, at least partly, mediated by adrenal mechanisms. 相似文献
735.
Light KR Kolata S Hale G Grossman H Matzel LD 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2008,90(2):317-329
"General cognitive ability" describes a trait that transcends specific learning domains and impacts a wide range of cognitive skills. Individual animals (including humans) exhibit wide variations in their expression of this trait. We have previously determined that the propensity for exploration is highly correlated with the general cognitive abilities of individual outbred mice. Here, we asked if inducing an increase in exploratory behaviors would causally promote an increase in animals' general learning abilities. In three experiments, juvenile and young-adult male CD-1 outbred mice were exposed to 12 novel environments starting at post-natal days 39 (juvenile) and 61 (young adult), after which they underwent a series of cognitive and exploratory tests as adults (beginning at post-natal day 79). Exposure to novel environments promoted increases in exploration (across multiple measures) on two different tasks, including an elevated plus maze. However, a subsequent test of general learning abilities (aggregate performance across five distinct learning tasks) determined that exposure to novel environments as juveniles or young-adults had no effect on general learning abilities in adulthood. Therefore, while exposure to novel environments promotes long-lasting increases in mice's exploratory tendencies, these increases in exploration do not appear to causally impact general learning abilities. 相似文献
736.
Todd B. Kashdan Patrick E. McKnight Stefan G. Hofmann 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(7):559-568
Little is known about people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) who are not behaviorally inhibited. To advance knowledge on phenomenology, functional impairment, and treatment seeking, we investigated whether engaging in risk-prone behaviors accounts for heterogeneous outcomes in people with SAD. Using the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R) dataset, our analyses focused on people with current (N = 679) or lifetime (N = 1143) SAD diagnoses. Using latent class analysis on NCS-R risk-prone behavior items, results supported two SAD classes: (1) a pattern of behavioral inhibition and risk aversion and (2) an atypical pattern of high anger and aggression, and moderate/high sexual impulsivity and substance use problems. An atypical pattern of risk-prone behaviors was associated with greater functional impairment, less education and income, younger age, and particular psychiatric comorbidities. Results could not be subsumed by the severity, type, or number of social fears, or comorbid anxiety or mood disorders. Conclusions about the nature, course, and treatment of SAD may be compromised by not attending to heterogeneity in behavior patterns. 相似文献
737.
Stefan M. Herzog Jochim Hansen Michaela Wänke 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2007,43(3):483-488
Construal Level Theory (CLT; Trope & Liberman, 2003) proposes that pro-arguments (pros) constitute high-level construals and counter-arguments (cons) low-level construals. Therefore, pros are more salient for distant-future actions than are cons and the reverse holds for near-future actions (Eyal, Liberman, Trope, & Walther, 2004). We further predicted and results from one experiment show that participants found it easier to generate pros if an action pertained to the distant rather than the near future. For cons the effect was reversed: participants found it more difficult to generate cons if the action pertained to the distant rather than the near future. Consequently, people were more in favor of the action if it pertained to the distant rather than the near future. Ease of retrieval mediated the effect of temporal distance on attitudes. The mutual relevance of the CLT framework and research on ease of retrieval is discussed. 相似文献
738.
Power TJ Dombrowski SC Watkins MW Mautone JA Eagle JW 《Journal of School Psychology》2007,45(3):333-348
Efforts to develop interventions to improve homework performance have been impeded by limitations in the measurement of homework performance. This study was conducted to develop rating scales for assessing homework performance among students in elementary and middle school. Items on the scales were intended to assess student strengths as well as deficits in homework performance. The sample included 163 students attending two school districts in the Northeast. Parents completed the 36-item Homework Performance Questionnaire — Parent Scale (HPQ-PS). Teachers completed the 22-item teacher scale (HPQ-TS) for each student for whom the HPQ-PS had been completed. A common factor analysis with principal axis extraction and promax rotation was used to analyze the findings. The results of the factor analysis of the HPQ-PS revealed three salient and meaningful factors: student task orientation/efficiency, student competence, and teacher support. The factor analysis of the HPQ-TS uncovered two salient and substantive factors: student responsibility and student competence. The findings of this study suggest that the HPQ is a promising set of measures for assessing student homework functioning and contextual factors that may influence performance. Directions for future research are presented. 相似文献
739.
Hofer A Siedentopf CM Ischebeck A Rettenbacher MA Widschwendter CG Verius M Golaszewski SM Koppelstaetter F Felber S Wolfgang Fleischhacker W 《Brain and cognition》2007,63(2):159-166
In this functional MRI experiment, encoding of objects was associated with activation in left ventrolateral prefrontal/insular and right dorsolateral prefrontal and fusiform regions as well as in the left putamen. By contrast, correct recognition of previously learned objects (R judgments) produced activation in left superior frontal, bilateral inferior frontal, and right cerebellar regions, whereas correct rejection of distractor objects (N judgments) was associated with activation in bilateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, in right parietal and cerebellar regions, in the left putamen, and in the right caudate nucleus. The R minus N comparison showed activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex and in bilateral cingulate cortices and precunei, while the N minus R comparison did not reveal any positive signal change. These results support the view that similar regions of the frontal lobe are involved in episodic encoding and retrieval processes, and that the successful episodic retrieval of newly learned objects is mainly based on a frontoparietal network. 相似文献
740.
High impact running improves learning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Winter B Breitenstein C Mooren FC Voelker K Fobker M Lechtermann A Krueger K Fromme A Korsukewitz C Floel A Knecht S 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(4):597-609
Regular physical exercise improves cognitive functions and lowers the risk for age-related cognitive decline. Since little is known about the nature and the timing of the underlying mechanisms, we probed whether exercise also has immediate beneficial effects on cognition. Learning performance was assessed directly after high impact anaerobic sprints, low impact aerobic running, or a period of rest in 27 healthy subjects in a randomized cross-over design. Dependent variables comprised learning speed as well as immediate (1 week) and long-term (>8 months) overall success in acquiring a novel vocabulary. Peripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were assessed prior to and after the interventions as well as after learning. We found that vocabulary learning was 20 percent faster after intense physical exercise as compared to the other two conditions. This condition also elicited the strongest increases in BDNF and catecholamine levels. More sustained BDNF levels during learning after intense exercise were related to better short-term learning success, whereas absolute dopamine and epinephrine levels were related to better intermediate (dopamine) and long-term (epinephrine) retentions of the novel vocabulary. Thus, BDNF and two of the catecholamines seem to be mediators by which physical exercise improves learning. 相似文献