Chronisches Ersch?pfungssyndrom

The treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) may pose a challenge as controversial concepts of its aetiology are discussed. Psychotherapy and graded exercise therapy have been suggested for the treatment of CFS. The aim of the present literature review is to summarize the evidence for these treatments based on two meta-analyses and more recently published randomized controlled trials. There is robust evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy for CFS, showing moderate effects especially on fatigue severity and physical functioning at post-treatment and at short to medium term follow-up. Other psychological treatments have mainly been tested as control conditions and not as bona fide psychotherapy; however, single trials suggest benefits of non-directive counselling and psycho-education. To further improve treatment results and their maintenance, relapse prevention strategies are important and a stronger empirical foundation of long-term effects is needed.     

The survey of personal beliefs: comparison of south african, mexican and american samples

In order to investigate the cross-cultural reliability and independence of subscales of the Survey of Personal Beliefs (SPB) data from 751 undergraduate Psychology students (189 White South African students, 114 Black South African students, 262 Mexican students and 186 American students) were compared. Coefficient alphas for the subscales in all samples were low, ranging from .33 to .76. However, alphas for the total scale across all subgroups were high. A comparison of the rank ordering of alpha coefficients for subscales in the different samples partially supported the cross-cultural reliability of the SPB for White South African and Mexican students, and for Black South African and American students. The similarities across samples regarding intercorrelations and shared variance between subscales also provided some evidence for the possible cross-cultural independence of subscales of the SPB. Comparison of total and mean subscale scores showed no significant differences between males and females within samples. However, a significant effect for culture, with significant between-subject effects for all the subscales as well as for the total score, was found. This may be indicative of real differences in irrational belief styles between the groups or may be a result of the insufficient cross-cultural reliability of the SPB.     

Learning multiplication facts: a study of children taught by discovery methods in England

The development of multiplication skills was examined in a group of children ages 8 to 12 years who were taught by discovery methods. Strategies used by the children included direct retrieval, retrieval + calculation, and counting-in-series. Repeated addition was not observed. Retrieval was the fastest and least error-prone strategy; counting-in-series was the slowest and most error prone. Children ages 8 and 9 years used mainly mixed strategies. Children ages 10 to 12 years used mainly retrieval or retrieval and calculation for low operands, but reverted to back-up strategies for high operands based on the strategies available for low operands. There was a general shift away from less effective strategies across ages 8 to 12 years but, by the end of the primary school (age 11 years), relatively few children used the most effective strategy of retrieval for all operands. The development of effective strategies was related to nonverbal reasoning ability and to working memory capacity. The results are considered with reference to experiential and pedagogical models of multiplication.     

Can Video Self-Modeling Improve Affected Limb Reach and Grasp Ability in Stroke Patients?

The authors examined whether feedforward video self-modeling (FF VSM) would improve control over the affected limb, movement self-confidence, movement self-consciousness, and well-being in 18 stroke survivors. Participants completed a cup transport task and 2 questionnaires related to psychological processes pre- and postintervention. Pretest video footage of the unaffected limb performing the task was edited to create a best-of or mirror-reversed training DVD, creating the illusion that patients were performing proficiently with the affected limb. The training yielded significant improvements for the forward movement of the affected limb compared to the unaffected limb. Significant improvements were also seen in movement self-confidence, movement self-consciousness, and well-being. FF VSM appears to be a viable way to improve motor ability in populations with movement disorders.     

Bayesian Confirmation Theory and The Likelihood Principle

The likelihood principle (LP) is a core issue in disagreements between Bayesian and frequentist statistical theories. Yet statements of the LP are often ambiguous, while arguments for why a Bayesian must accept it rely upon unexamined implicit premises. I distinguish two propositions associated with the LP, which I label LP1 and LP2. I maintain that there is a compelling Bayesian argument for LP1, based upon strict conditionalization, standard Bayesian decision theory, and a proposition I call the practical relevance principle. In contrast, I argue that there is no similarly compelling argument for or against LP2. I suggest that these conclusions lead to a restrictedly pluralistic view of Bayesian confirmation measures.     

Eine Schlafstörung kommt selten allein

In the clinical routine insomnia disorders are often merely seen as symptoms of the underlying disease and are therefore not considered relevant enough for diagnostic clarification and initiation of specific treatment. The following article intends to give an overview of the differential diagnosis of nonorganic insomnia and underlines the importance of cognitive behavioral therapy in this context, which is substantiated by two case studies.     

Ungedeckte psychotherapeutische Bedarfe bei Stimulanzienkonsumenten

Background

Despite changes in the regulations concerning outpatient psychotherapy in Germany, relatively few patients with substance use disorders receive this type of treatment.

Objectives

The results of a recent study among stimulant users are taken as an example to illustrate the psychotherapeutic needs of patients with substance use disorders.

Materials and methods

A total of 392 individuals with active use of amphetamine and/or methamphetamine were included using a broad range of recruitment strategies. In a mixed methods approach, qualitative as well as quantitative data were gathered regarding the history of substance use, the motives for use, and traumatic experiences during childhood.

Results

Psychological distress was a frequent motive even at the initiation of stimulant use. About two thirds of the participants (65.1?%) reported at least one form of childhood trauma (sexual, physical or emotional abuse, emotional or physical neglect).

Conclusion

The findings suggest a high need for psychotherapy among patients with substance use disorders. It seems important to further improve the information as well as the training of psychotherapists to work with these clients.