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901.
Generating solutions to anagrams leads to a memory advantage for those solutions, with generated words remembered better than words simply read. However, an additional advantage is not typically found for solutions to difficult anagrams relative to solutions to easy ones, presenting a challenge for the cognitive effort explanation of the generation effect. In the present series of experiments, the effect of manipulating anagram difficulty is explored further by introducing two new source-monitoring judgments. These studies demonstrate that when attention is directed at test to the operations activated during encoding (by way of source-monitoring judgments focused on solving vs. constructing anagrams), a source advantage is observed for difficult anagrams. However, when attention is directed to the anagrams themselves, asking participants to remember the kinds of anagrams generated or solved (based on kind of rule rather than subjective impressions of difficulty), a similar source advantage is not observed. The present studies bring a new perspective to the investigation of difficulty manipulations on memory for problem solving by illustrating the impact of a shift in focus from the effort mediating cognitive operations to specifics about the cognitive operations themselves. 相似文献
902.
Agronick G Stueve A Vargo S O'Donnell L 《American journal of community psychology》2007,39(1-2):79-90
This research examines psychological distress among 955 economically disadvantaged New York City residents surveyed during
high school and again after the September 11th terrorist attacks (9/11), when they were young adults. As part of the longitudinal
Reach for Health study, young adult surveys were conducted from 6–19 months post-9/11 (average 8 months), providing opportunity
to assess types of exposures and psychological distress, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression,
hopelessness, and anger. Regressions of psychological distress on 9/11 exposure were performed, controlling for high school
distress, prior exposure to violence victimization, and socio-demographic characteristics. Exposure to 9/11 was positively
associated with anger, hopelessness, and PTSD symptoms and a measure of global distress. The relationship was greater among
women for PTSD symptoms. Although those who reported high school distress also reported more distress in young adulthood,
prior psychological distress did not moderate the relationship between exposure and psychological outcomes. Greater exposure
is related to distress among those who, during high school, reported lower distress, as well as among those who reported prior
greater distress. 相似文献
903.
de Fockert J Davidoff J Fagot J Parron C Goldstein J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(3):738-742
The Ebbinghaus (Titchener) illusion was examined in a remote culture (Himba) with no words for geometric shapes. The illusion was experienced less strongly by Himba compared with English participants, leading to more accurate size contrast judgments in the Himba. The study included two conditions of inducing stimuli. The illusion was weaker when the inducing stimuli were dissimilar (diamonds) to the target (circle) compared with when they were similar (circles). However, the illusion was weakened to the same extent in both cultures. It is argued that the more accurate size judgments of the Himba derive from their tendency to prioritize the analysis of local details in visual processing of multiple objects, and not from their impoverished naming. 相似文献
904.
Axelle C. Philippon Julie Cherryman Ray Bull Aldert Vrij 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(1):103-115
Expert and lay knowledge of factors that affect the identification of a voice is an area of research that is still relatively unexplored. Much more research has focused on eyewitness identification and eyewitnesses' common knowledge. However, results from ‘eyewitnessing’ studies may not be directly applicable to ‘earwitnessing’. The present study examines how knowledgeable British lay people and police officers were concerning earwitness identification performance. One hundred nine participants (i.e. 49 lay people and 60 police officers) responded to a specially designed questionnaire. Results showed respondents to be more knowledgeable than expected, although police officers were no more knowledgeable than the general population. The existence of meta‐knowledge is discussed in relation to previous studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
905.
Axelle C. Philippon Julie Cherryman Ray Bull Aldert Vrij 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(4):539-550
The present study examined whether voice identification performance is influenced by language comprehension (i.e. familiar vs. non‐familiar language) and target presence (target‐present (TP) vs. target‐absent line‐ups (TA)). It also looked at the relationship of deliberate strategies and indirect measures (i.e. confidence, difficulty and pressure) with performance. Sixty Native English speakers were exposed to an auditory event involving 45 to 50 seconds of speech. After 30 minutes delay, participants listened to a voice line‐up (TP or TA) in either a familiar (i.e. English) or unfamiliar language (i.e. French) according to the language spoken during the event, and were then asked to identify the original speaker's voice. Participants demonstrated significantly better performance for the familiar language/TP line‐ups. Participants who reported using the ‘elimination’ strategy were significantly more accurate than participants who reported using either a ‘matching’ strategy or no strategy. Indirect measures were not found to be good predictors of performance, except for confidence regarding TA accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
906.
This study sought to understand whether young adults and family educators share beliefs about the components of a successful
relationship. Young adults viewed successful relationships as having partners who agree on most issues. Educators characterized
successful partners as exhibiting positive communication patterns and using relationship maintenance strategies. A third prototype
included young adults and educators who described successful relationships in terms of agreement and problem solving behaviors.
Implications for researchers and practitioners conclude the article. 相似文献
907.
Guy H. Montgomery Daniel David Terry A. DiLorenzo Julie B. Schnur 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(1):17-34
Individual differences in cognitive factors such as response expectancies and irrational beliefs (IBs) have been shown to
contribute to variability in distress associated with stressful situations. However, their independent influence on distress
when examined within the same study has not been established, nor has the potential of mediational relationships. The purpose
of this study was to investigate the contribution of response expectancies and IBs (both general and exam-specific) to exam-related
distress in a prospective study. Results revealed that both response expectancies and general IBs separately predicted exam-related
distress (p’s<.05; N=105). Observed effects of general IBs were perfectly mediated by, and observed effects of exam-specific IBs were partially
mediated by, response expectancies using the Baron and Kenny approach. These data support the view that cognitive factors
contribute to psychological distress and are consistent with response expectancy and rational emotive behavior theories. The
results suggest that interventions focused on response expectancies and IBs might be an effective means to reduce psychological
distress associated with real life stressors such as exams. Future research is needed to determine whether this effect generalizes
to other stressful situations.
Dr. Montgomery is Director of the Integrative Behavioral Medicine Program at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Dr. David
is an associate professor at Babes-Bolyai University, in Romania. Dr. DiLorenzo is an assistant professor in the Psychology
Department of Stern College. Dr. Schnur is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Oncological Sciences at Mount Sinai
School of Medicine.
This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute (CA81137) and the American Cancer Society (PF-05-098-01-CPPB). 相似文献
908.
The level and nature of autistic intelligence 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Autistics are presumed to be characterized by cognitive impairment, and their cognitive strengths (e.g., in Block Design performance) are frequently interpreted as low-level by-products of high-level deficits, not as direct manifestations of intelligence. Recent attempts to identify the neuroanatomical and neurofunctional signature of autism have been positioned on this universal, but untested, assumption. We therefore assessed a broad sample of 38 autistic children on the preeminent test of fluid intelligence, Raven's Progressive Matrices. Their scores were, on average, 30 percentile points, and in some cases more than 70 percentile points, higher than their scores on the Wechsler scales of intelligence. Typically developing control children showed no such discrepancy, and a similar contrast was observed when a sample of autistic adults was compared with a sample of nonautistic adults. We conclude that intelligence has been underestimated in autistics. 相似文献
909.
Intrusive memories and rumination in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a phenomenological comparison 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim of the study was to investigate the phenomenological differences between intrusive memories and rumination in PTSD. The study population consisted of 31 patients with PTSD referred for cognitive behavioural therapy to specialist services. A semi-structured interview was used to examine the characteristics of the most prominent intrusive memory and rumination. Intrusive memories were predominantly sensory experiences of short duration, whereas rumination was predominantly a thought process of longer duration. Shame was associated more with rumination than with intrusive memories. Anxiety, helplessness, numbness, and threat were greater at the time of the trauma than when experiencing the intrusive memory. In contrast, feelings like anger and sadness were greater when experiencing intrusive memories than at the time of the event. The distinction between intrusive memories and rumination is of clinical importance as intrusive memories usually decrease with imaginal reliving of the trauma, whereas rumination may require different therapeutic strategies, such as rumination-focused or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. 相似文献
910.
Karri Bonner Verno Stanley H. Cohen Julie Hicks Patrick 《Journal of Adult Development》2007,14(1-2):1-5
This study investigated how spirituality as a positive life theme might be related to one’s unique style of cognitive processing.
Study participants included 80 individuals; 40 older adults and 40 younger adults. Word recall and recognition tasks assessed
memory for positive, negative, neutral, and religious words. Results indicated that spirituality does not appear to be related
to cognitive bias, but that words with either positive, negative, neutral, or religious connotations are recalled and recognized
at different rates. 相似文献