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131.
Van Deurzen PA Roelofs J Slaats-Willemse DI Rinck M Buitelaar JK Speckens AE 《Psychological reports》2011,108(1):252-262
Prior research has shown that depressive symptoms are associated with an enhanced attention toward negative stimuli and difficulty of disengaging attention from negative stimuli. The current study was an extension of a 2005 study by Koster and colleagues. A different stimulus presentation time and word set were used. The whole range of depressive symptoms was included in this sample instead of creating dichotomized groups. The Exogenous Cueing Task with negative, positive, and neutral cues was administered to 85 female undergraduate university students. Participants completed the Beck's Depression Inventory-II-NL questionnaire to measure self-reported depression. Contrary to previous findings, depressive symptoms were related to a facilitated rather than impaired attentional disengagement from negative stimuli. An explanation for the discrepancy with findings from Koster, et al. may be the different stimulus presentation time (1000 msec. instead of 500 or 1500 msec.). 相似文献
132.
This article tests the hypothesis that a lack of experiences of relatedness is linked to negative outcomes such as envy and indirect aggression in particular if individuals are characterized by a high implicit affiliation-intimacy motive. Assumptions were examined in a sample of 273 adults from Germany and Cameroon. Components of the affiliation-intimacy motive, i.e., needs for affiliation and intimacy, were assessed with a picture story exercise. Additionally, participants reported on experiences of relatedness, indirect aggression, and envy. Low experiences of relatedness are associated with enhanced levels of envy and indirect aggression among individuals with a pronounced implicit affiliation-intimacy motive. Those effects hold true across cultural groups. Findings point to the prominent role of the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive for interpersonal emotions and behavior. 相似文献
133.
Uncertainty is an inherent aspect of everyday life. However, faced with uncertainty, some individuals take risks more eagerly than others. Regulatory focus theory may explain such differences because risky behavior may arise naturally from the eagerness of promotion focused individuals, while safe behavior may arise naturally from the vigilance of prevention focused individuals. A highly relevant real-life context for studying risk is mobility, as engaging in traffic inherently carries uncertainty about negative outcomes. We present two studies showing a direct link between regulatory focus and risky behavior going beyond traditional laboratory approaches. In both naturalistic speeding behavior (Study 1) and simulated risk taking (Study 2) promotion focus was positively, and prevention focus was negatively related to actual risky behavior. 相似文献
134.
Karin?S.?NijhofEmail author Ad?Vermulst Ron?H.?J.?Scholte Coleta?van?Dam Jan?Willem?Veerman Rutger?C.?M.?E.?Engels 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):59-70
The present study examined whether a sample of 214 (52.8% male, M age = 15.76, SD = 1.29) institutionalized adolescents could be classified into subgroups based on psychopathic traits. Confirmatory Factor
Analyses revealed a relationship between the subscales of the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) and the three latent
constructs of the original model on which it is based. Latent Class Analyses showed that adolescents showing psychopathic
traits could be classified into three subgroups. The first group showed low scores on the grandiose/manipulative dimension,
the callous/unemotional dimension, and the impulsive/irresponsible dimension (normal group). The second group scored moderate
on the grandiose/manipulative dimension and the callous/unemotional dimension and high on the impulsive/irresponsible dimension
(impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group). The third group scored high on all three dimensions (psychopathy-like group). The
findings revealed that the impulsive, non-psychopathic like group scored significantly higher on internalizing problem behavior
compared to the normal group, while the psychopathy-like and the impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group both scored higher
on externalizing problem behavior compared to the normal group. Based on a self-report delinquency measure, it appeared that
the psychopathy-like group had the highest delinquency rates, except for vandalism. Both the impulsive and psychopathy-like
group had the highest scores on the use of soft drugs. 相似文献
135.
Gerstein ED Pedersen Y Arbona A Crnic KA Ryu E Baker BL Blacher J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(3):351-364
Children with early developmental delays are at heightened risk for behavior problems and comorbid psychopathology. This study
examined the trajectories of regulatory capabilities and their potentially mediating role in the development of behavior problems
for children with and without early developmental delays. A sample of 231 children comprised of 137 typically developing children
and 94 children with developmental delays were examined during mildly frustrating laboratory tasks across the preschool period
(ages 3–5). Results indicated that children with delays had greater use of maladaptive strategies (distraction, distress venting)
and lower use of adaptive strategies (constructive coping) than typically developing children. For both groups, strategies
had similar rates of growth across time; maladaptive strategies decreased and adaptive strategies increased. The intercept
of strategy use, but not the slope, was found to mediate the relation between developmental risk and externalizing behaviors.
Findings support that dysregulation, rather than the developmental risk, may be responsible for the high levels of comorbid
psychopathology. 相似文献
136.
The role of physical and relational aggression in adolescents' friendship selection was examined in a longitudinal sample of 274 Chilean students from 5th and 6th grade followed over 1 year. Longitudinal social network modeling (SIENA) was used to study selection processes for aggression while influence processes were controlled for. Furthermore, the effects of network characteristics (i.e., reciprocity and transitivity), gender, and social status on friendship selection were examined. The starting assumption of this study was that selection effects based on aggression might have been overestimated in previous research as a result of failing to consider influence processes and alternative characteristics that steer friendship formation. The results show that selection effects of both physical and relational aggression disappeared when network effects, gender, and social status were taken into account. Particularly gender and perceived popularity appeared to be far more important determinants of friendship selection over time than aggression. Moreover, a peer influence effect was only found for relational aggression, and not for physical aggression. These findings suggest that similarity in aggression among befriended adolescents can be considered to be mainly a by-product rather than a leading dimension in friendship selection. 相似文献
137.
Brascamp JW Blake R Kristjánsson Á 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2011,37(6):1700-1707
With attention and eye-movements humans orient to targets of interest. This orienting occurs faster when the same target repeats: priming of pop-out (PoP). While reaction times (RTs) can be important, PoP's real function could be to steer where to orient, a possibility underexposed in many current paradigms, as these predesignate a target to which to orient. In a novel procedure we intermixed pop-out trials (one oddball target, two identical distractors) with choice trials (one item of each kind) where observers freely chose an item to attend to. Pop-out trials strongly drove subsequent choice: observers typically chose the preceding target. Conversely, choice trials affected subsequent pop-out RTs. Conventional PoP measures correlated positively with our choice measures among observers, suggesting common mechanisms. Our results support PoP accounts centered on altered target priority, and underscore PoP's importance for visual exploration. 相似文献
138.
Economists have traditionally assumed that individual behavior is motivated exclusively by extrinsic incentives. Social psychologists, in contrast, stress that intrinsic motivations are also important. In recent work, economic theorists have started to build psychological factors, like intrinsic motivations, into their models. Besley and Ghatak (2005) propose that individuals are differently motivated in that they have different “missions”, and their selection into sectors or organizations with matching missions enhances organizational efficiency. We test Besley and Ghatak’s model using data from a unique cohort study. We generated two proxies for intrinsic motivations: a survey-based measure of the health professionals philanthropic motivations and an experimental measure of their pro-social motivations. We find that both proxies predict health professionals’ decision to work in the non-profit sector. We also find that philanthropic health workers employed in the non-profit sector earn lower wages than their colleagues. 相似文献
139.
Prior evidence has shown that aversive emotional states are characterised by an attentional bias towards aversive events. The present study investigated whether aversive emotions also bias attention towards stimuli that represent means by which the emotion can be alleviated. We induced disgust by having participants touch fake disgusting objects. Participants in the control condition touched non-disgusting objects. The results of a subsequent dot-probe task revealed that attention was oriented to disgusting pictures irrespective of condition. However, participants in the disgust condition also oriented towards pictures representing cleanliness. These findings suggest that the deployment of attention in aversive emotional states is not purely stimulus driven but is also guided by the goal to alleviate this emotional state. 相似文献
140.
Several studies have shown that the attentional blink (AB; Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992) is diminished for highly arousing T2 stimuli (e.g., Anderson, 2005). Whereas this effect is most often interpreted as evidence for a more efficient processing of arousing information, it could be due also to a bias to report more arousing stimuli than neutral stimuli. We introduce a paradigm that allows one to control for such a response bias. Using this paradigm, we obtained evidence that the diminished AB for taboo words cannot be explained by a response bias. This supports the idea that the emotional modulation of the AB is caused by attentional processes. 相似文献