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41.
42.
Two recurring problems hampering investigations of muscular activity patterns during locomotion are electrical “noise” and movement artifact in the electromyographic (EMG) signal and proper synchronization of behavioral events to the EMG. A relatively simple technique for achieving these ends is presented. Vigorous locomotor movements of unrestrained animals are recorded on 16-mm film and synchronized with one or more EMGs from selected muscles with little electrical noise or movement artifact interference. The system employs telemetry which is compared to hardwire techniques. 相似文献
43.
Four groups of subjects gave category ratings of total duration, average duration, or difference in duration of pairs of temporal intervals presented either simultaneously or successively. The results indicated that temporal information is combined in very different ways, depending on whether the members of the pairs must be monitored in parallel or sequentially. While judgments of successively presented intervals were reasonably consistent with the predictions of the appropriate linear models, judgments of simultaneously presented intervals were not. The latter judgments conformed more closely to the predictions of a vector sum model. These results appear to be in conflict with a model of duration perception recently proposed by Eisler (1975) based on the assumption that judgment of temporal intervals involves a simultaneous monitoring of two intervals even when the intervals to be compared are presented successively. 相似文献
44.
Dr. Stanley A. Mulaik 《Psychometrika》1976,41(2):249-262
Guttman's index of indeterminacy (22 – 1) measures the potential amount of uncertainty in picking the right alternative interpretation for a factor. When alternative solutions for a factor are equally likely to be correct, then the squared multiple correlation 2 for predicting the factor from the observed variables is the average correlation
AB
between independently selected alternative solutionsA andB, while var (
AB
)=(1 – 2)2/s, wheres is the dimensionality of the space in which unpredicted components of alternative solutions are to be found. When alternative solutions for the factor are not equally likely to be chosen, 2 is the lower bound for E(
AB
); however, E(
AB
) need not be a modal value in the distribution of
AB
. Guttman's index and E(
AB
) measure different aspects of the same indeterminacy problem. 相似文献
45.
Stanley J. Weiss 《Learning and motivation》1976,7(4):477-516
The associations formed in the components of a multiple schedule can be classified as (1) stimulus-response (S-R) associations and (2) stimulus-reinforcer (S-SR) associations. The present experiments sought to determine the individual contribution of these S-R and S-SR associations to stimulus control by manipulating them independently. Responses postponed shocks by 25 sec in the presence of a tone alone and a light alone in all experiments. The contingencies programmed in the absence of both tone and light established a reference for the S-R and S-SR associations in tone and in light. All four possible combinations of signalling response increase or decrease together with incentive increase or decrease were studied. Although the influence of the contingencies operating in the absence of tone and light was difficult to detect from response rates in tone or light, presenting tone and light together revealed clear effects. Response rates in tone and light together relative to those in either alone depended upon the contingency operating in the absence of tone and light. Stimulus-response and stimulus-reinforcer associations appeared to counteract each other when in opposition and combine together to enhance each other when in agreement. This suggested that the associations of a stimulus to response and to incentive combine algebraically in determining stimulus control. An algebraic analysis in terms of the S-R and S-SR associations conditioned to the stimulus elements comprising the training and test stimuli accounted for the observed patterns of data. 相似文献
46.
47.
Stanley W. Jackson 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》1967,3(4):387-388
48.
49.
Stanley Hauerwas 《Modern Theology》2000,16(3):293-299
While appreciating the illuminating qualities of Novak's account of natural law, Hauerwas also regards it as problematic precisely because of the unhealthy tension that remains between Novak's claim regarding the inseparability of theology and ethics, on the one hand, and his contention that the Noachian laws may 'be taken to be a universal requirement'of human reason, on the other. Hauerwas' central reservation is that Novak's account is the danger of abstracting from the law's sanctifying intent; i.e., its purpose to form a holy people. A consequence for Jewish-Christian dialogue, then, is a misplaced concentration on the role of the law in these respective traditions rather than different understandings of sanctification between (and within) these respective traditions. 相似文献
50.
Matthew L. Stanley Roberto Cabeza Rachel Smallman Felipe De Brigard 《Cognitive Science》2021,45(6):e13007
In four studies, we investigated the role of remembering, reflecting on, and mutating personal past moral transgressions to learn from those moral mistakes and to form intentions for moral improvement. Participants reported having ruminated on their past wrongdoings, particularly their more severe transgressions, and they reported having frequently thought about morally better ways in which they could have acted instead (i.e., morally upward counterfactuals; Studies 1–3). The more that participants reported having mentally simulated morally better ways in which they could have acted, the stronger their intentions were to improve in the future (Studies 2 and 3). Implementing an experimental manipulation, we then found that making accessible a morally upward counterfactual after committing a moral transgression strengthened reported intentions for moral improvement—relative to resimulating the remembered event and considering morally worse ways in which they could have acted instead (Study 4). We discuss the implications of these results for competing theoretical views on the relationship between memory and morality and for functional theories of counterfactual thinking. 相似文献