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191.
Facial expressions of emotion are key cues to deceit (M. G. Frank & P. Ekman, 1997). Given that the literature on aging has shown an age-related decline in decoding emotions, we investigated (a) whether there are age differences in deceit detection and (b) if so, whether they are related to impairments in emotion recognition. Young and older adults (N = 364) were presented with 20 interviews (crime and opinion topics) and asked to decide whether each interview subject was lying or telling the truth. There were 3 presentation conditions: visual, audio, or audiovisual. In older adults, reduced emotion recognition was related to poor deceit detection in the visual condition for crime interviews only. 相似文献
192.
Hugo Zagorsek Stanley J. Stough Marko Jaklic 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2006,14(2):180-191
The paper examines the psychometric properties of the leadership practices inventory (LPI) in the framework of item response theory (IRT). The LPI assesses five dimensions (i.e. leadership practices) of transformational leadership and consists of 30 items. IRT is a model‐based theory that relates the characteristics of questionnaire items (item parameters) and characteristics of individuals (latent variables) to the probability of choosing each of the response categories. The theory does not assume that the instrument is equally reliable for all levels of the latent variable examined. Samejima's graded response model was used to estimate LPI item characteristics, such as item difficulty and item discrimination power. The results show that some items are redundant in the sense they contribute little to the overall precision of the instrument. Moreover, the LPI seems to be most precise and reliable for respondents with low to medium leadership competence, whereas it becomes increasingly unreliable for high‐quality leaders. These findings suggest that the LPI is best used for training and development purposes, but not for leader selection purposes. 相似文献
193.
Michael W. Beets Randy Vogel Stanley Chapman Kenneth H. Pitetti Bradley J. Cardinal 《Sex roles》2007,56(1-2):125-131
In this study we examined the relationships among parental social supportive behaviors for children’s weekday and weekend
outdoor physical activity (OPA). Thirty-nine girls and 29 boys 8 to 11 years wore pedometers for 7 days. Sixty-five mothers
and 50 fathers responded to a social support questionnaire about OPA that was comprised of four dimensions: encouragement,
playing with, use of activity as family recreation, and watch. After controlling for age and sport participation, regression
analyses indicated that mothers’ use of activity as recreation was positively associated with girls’ weekday OPA. On the weekend,
fathers’ play with son was positively related to OPA. The effectiveness of family-based activity interventions depends on
when parents have opportunities to be present for their child’s activity and gender differences in the support provided. 相似文献
194.
Two related studies were conducted in order to investigate whether psychosocial and moral development appeared to have been disrupted and arrested in veterans diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study 1 was devoted to developing a measure of late adolescence, early adulthood, and adulthood stages of psychosocial development. In Study 2, a sample of 32 PTSD‐diagnosed and 32 PTSD‐free veterans participated. The PTSD‐diagnosed participants presented evidence of arrested psychosocial and moral development. 相似文献
195.
Sarah W Whitton P Antonio Olmos-Gallo Scott M Stanley Lydia M Prado Galena H Kline Michelle St Peters Howard J Markman 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(2):297-306
The authors proposed a model of depressive symptoms in early marriage in which relationship confidence, defined as perceived couple-level efficacy to manage conflicts and maintain a healthy relationship, mediates the effect of negative marital interactions on depressive symptoms. The model was tested in a sample of 139 couples assessed prior to marriage and 1 year later. As predicted, relationship confidence demonstrated simple negative associations with negative marital interaction and depressive symptoms for all participants. Longitudinal path analyses supported the mediational model for women only. In women but not men, negative marital interaction indirectly had an impact on depressive symptoms through the mediator of relationship confidence. Findings suggest that relationship confidence may be important to understanding links between marital distress and depressive symptoms, especially in women. 相似文献
196.
Kutrz KJ 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2007,14(4):560-576
A novel theoretical approach to human category learning is proposed in which categories are represented as coordinated statistical models of the properties of the members. Key elements of the account are learning to recode inputs as task-constrained principle components and evaluating category membership in terms of model fit-that is, the fidelity of the reconstruction after recoding and decoding the stimulus. The approach is implemented as a computational model called DIVA (for DIVergent Autoencoder), an artificial neural network that uses reconstructive learning to solve N-way classification tasks. DIVA shows good qualitative fits to benchmark human learning data and provides a compelling theoretical alternative to established models. 相似文献
197.
Suicide remains a leading cause of death among youth, and suicide ideation and behavior are relatively common in both normal and clinical populations. Clinicians working with young people must assess for the presence of suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, and other risk factors, in order to determine the level of risk. This paper provides the clinician with a summary of risk factors for youth suicide, as well as providing standardized terminology to enhance assessment of suicidal ideation and behavior. 相似文献
198.
Stanley Sacks Ph.D. Charles M. Cleland Ph.D. Gerald Melnick Ph.D. Patrick M. Flynn Ph.D. Kevin Knight Ph.D. Peter D. Friedmann M.D. M.P.H. Michael L. Prendergast Ph.D. Carrie Coen MA 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2009,27(1):51-69
The present study examines the relationship between substance use, mental health problems, and violence in a sample of offenders released from prison and referred to substance abuse treatment programs. Data from 34 sites (n = 1,349) in a federally funded cooperative, the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJDATS), were analyzed. Among parolees referred to substance abuse treatment, self‐reports for the six‐month period before the arrest resulting in their incarceration revealed frequent problems with both substance use and mental health. For most offenders with substance use problems, the quantity of alcohol consumed and the frequency of drug use were associated with a greater probability of self‐reported violence. Mental health problems were not indicative of increases in violent behavior, with the exception of antisocial personality problems, which were associated with violence. The paper emphasizes the importance of providing substance abuse treatment in relation to violent behavior among offenders with mental health problems being discharged to the community. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
199.
Michael S. Cole Hubert S. Feild William F. Giles Stanley G. Harris 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(1):5-18
Research shows recruiters infer dispositional characteristics from job applicants’ resumes and use these inferences in evaluating
applicants’ employability. However, the reliability and validity of these inferences have not been empirically tested. Using
data collected from 244 recruiters, we found low levels of estimated interrater reliability when they reviewed entry-level
applicants’ resumes and made inferences regarding applicants’ personality traits. Moreover, when recruiters’ inferences of
applicant personality were correlated with applicants’ actual Big Five personality scores, results indicated that recruiters’
inferences lacked validity, with the possible exceptions of extraversion and openness to experience. Finally, despite being
largely unreliable and invalid, recruiters’ inferences of applicants’ extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness
predicted the recruiters’ subsequent employability assessments of the applicants. 相似文献
200.
A conceptual frame of reference called The River is presented for training of beginning psychotherapists. Using metaphors,
trainees are taught specific tools (Equipment) and to identify salient features of the therapy process (Topography) by means
of a series of metaphors for the process elements of timing and of level of intervention. Student therapist feedback indicated
that this model facilitated learning of how much or little to do at given points in the therapeutic process, and that these
metaphors appeared to transcend specific theoretical orientations. 相似文献