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121.
Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental
illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development. This article therefore focuses
on mental illness as well as on three core components of positive mental health: feelings of happiness and satisfaction with
life (emotional well-being), positive individual functioning in terms of self-realization (psychological well-being), and
positive societal functioning in terms of being of social value (social well-being). The two continua model holds that mental
illness and mental health are related but distinct dimensions. This model was studied on the basis of a cross-sectional representative
internet survey of Dutch adults (N = 1,340; 18–87 years). Mental illness was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory and mental health with the Mental Health
Continuum Short Form. It was found that older adults, except for the oldest-old, scored lower on psychopathological symptoms
and were less likely to be mentally ill than younger adults. Although there were fewer age differences for mental health,
older adults experienced more emotional, similar social and slightly lower psychological well-being. In sum, today’s older
adults have fewer mental illness problems, but they are not in a better positive mental health than today’s younger adults.
These findings support the validity of the two continua model in adult development. 相似文献
122.
Heikki Ik?heimo 《Res Publica》2012,18(1):11-24
This article begins by tracing two issues to be kept in mind in discussing the theme of love as far back as Aristotle: on
the one hand the polysemy of the term philia in Aristotle, and on the other hand the fact that there is a focal or core meaning of philia that provides order to that polysemy. Secondly, it is briefly suggested that the same issues are, mutatis mutandis, central for understanding the discussion of love or Liebe by Hegel, the central classic reference in debates on recognition. Thirdly, by pointing out a certain ambiguity in Harry
Frankfurt’s recent work on love, the article focuses more closely on the thought that love in the simple sense which Aristotle
had pinpointed as the focal meaning of philia, which is arguably at the core of Hegel’s discussion of Liebe, and which still forms at least one of the core senses of the term, is a ‘personifying’ attitude of recognition. Finally,
drawing on the above points the article addresses the question whether love as a form of recognition is restricted to intimate
relations such as those between family-members, ‘lovers’, close friends and so on, or whether it has applications in interhuman
relations more broadly. The answer to this question, it is suggested, is essential for the viability of ethically substantial
notions of solidarity beyond circles of close acquaintances, whether within the civil society, across nations, or towards
future generations. 相似文献
123.
Artefacts are often regarded as being mere things that possess only instrumental value. In contrast, living entities (or some
subset of them) are often regarded as possessing some form of intrinsic (or non-instrumental) value. Moreover, in some cases
they are thought to possess such value precisely because they are natural (i.e., non-artefactual). However, living artefacts
are certainly possible, and they may soon be actual. It is therefore necessary to consider whether such entities should be
regarded as mere things (like most non-living artefacts) or as possessing intrinsic value (like many, if not all) living entities.
That is, it is necessary to determine whether artefactualness is a value-relevant property with respect to the intrinsic value
of living things. 相似文献
124.
125.
Cheri?A.?Levinson Thomas?L.?RodebaughEmail author Tiffany?Frye 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):87-100
The Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System Scales (BIS/BAS scales) are the most widely used measures
designed to assess Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. However, questions remain regarding its factor, convergent, and
discriminant validity. We assessed these properties in two samples of undergraduates (N = 723, N = 103). In Study 1, confirmatory factor analysis supported previous findings that suggested removal of several items, resulting
in acceptable fit for a four-factor model. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed for the original and revised
scales. In Study 2, a public speaking task was used to assess validity of the scales in reference to positive/negative affect.
Convergent and discriminant validity for the revised scales were not substantially different from the original scales. We
suggest that future researchers should consider the use of the revised measure we describe. We also suggest that the creation
of a revised BIS/BAS scale using new items may be warranted. 相似文献
126.
Although analogical reasoning has long been a popular method of reasoning in bioethics, current literature does not sufficiently
grasp its variety. We assert that the main shortcoming is the fact that an analogy’s value is often judged on the extent of
similarity between the source situation and the target situation, while in (bio)ethics, analogies are often used because of certain dissimilarities rather than in spite of them. We make a clear distinction between dissimilarities that aim to reinforce a similar approach in the source situation
and the target situation and dissimilarities that aim to undermine or denounce a similar approach. The former kind of dissimilarity
offers the analogy more normative force than if there were no dissimilarities present; this is often overlooked by authors
who regard all relevant dissimilarities as detrimental to the analogy’s strength. Another observation is that an evaluation
of the normative force of an analogy cannot be made independently of moral principles or theories. Without these, one cannot
select which elements in an analogy are morally relevant nor determine how they should be interpreted. 相似文献
127.
Dr. Dr. Wilfried Ruff Dorothee von Ekesparre Yvonne Grabenstedt Michal Kaiser-Livne Walter L?ngl Waltraud Nagell 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2011,27(1):43-60
Failures and transgressions in psychoanalyses are nowadays more often published and also ascribed to mistakes made by the therapists. In German professional literature, however, no difference is made between treatment errors due to the special method and serious malpractice. The authors show in case studies transgressions in the psychoanalytic setting und discuss their causes and consequences. 相似文献
128.
J J McDonald W A Teder-S?lej?rvi D Heraldez S A Hillyard 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2001,55(2):141-149
Orienting attention involuntarily to the location of a sensory event influences responses to subsequent stimuli that appear in different modalities with one possible exception: orienting attention involuntarily to a sudden light sometimes fails to affect responses to subsequent sounds (e.g., Spence & Driver, 1997). Here we investigated the effects of involuntary attention to a brief flash on the processing of subsequent sounds in a design that eliminates stimulus-response compatibility effects and criterion shifts as confounding factors. In addition, the neural processes mediating crossmodal attention were studied by recording event-related brain potentials. Our data show that orienting attention to the location of a spatially nonpredictive visual cue modulates behavioural and neural responses to subsequent auditory targets when the stimulus onset asynchrony is short (between 100 and 300 ms). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that involuntary shifts of attention are controlled by supramodal brain mechanisms rather than by modality-specific ones. 相似文献
129.
Body-image disturbances and low self-esteem have been implicated in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. This study investigated self-perception of body and personality among adolescent ballet dancers in a cross-sectional survey. Two questionnaires assessing "my body right now" and "my personality right now," using semantic differentials were completed by 90 ballet school students and 156 controls. Adolescent female dancers (ages 13 to 17 years) scored higher than age-matched controls and 11- to 12-yr. old peers on Undesirability and Sensitivity for personality and Unattractiveness for body. For both subscales of personality, differences were also found between male and female dancers; female ballet students scored higher. Within the control group a difference could be found only for Sensitivity on which girls scored higher than boys. Male dancers did not differ from controls except for a lower score on the Body mass measure. Adolescent female dancers showed a distinct answering profile for 7 of 16 semantic differentials in each questionnaire implicating less favorable body image and self-esteem. Interventions focused particularly on enhancing self-esteem may be useful in the prevention of psychopathology in adolescent ballet dancers. 相似文献
130.
Today historiography (the writing of stories) presented as nothing but a search for truth merits the charge of naiveté. Since Freud we must understand any story told about life as a rationalization, that is, as a strategy of conducting one's life. The author argues the proposition that historiography can only fulfill its function of giving sense to life if it simultaneously admits its deconstruction, its counter-sense. 相似文献