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891.
A variety of compounds with a common noradrenergic/dopaminergic activity have shown documented anti-Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) activity. There is a substantial body of literature documenting the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants on ADHD in over 1,000 subjects. There is an equally large database on the efficacy of the specific norepinephrlne reuptake inhibitor, atomoxetine, of greater than 2,000 Individuals. In addition, the atypical antidepressant buproplon also has been documented to be effective in the treatment of ADHD in controlled clinical trials. Despite wide use, the scientific base supporting the efficacy of alpha-2, noradrenergic agonists is somewhat limited. Several lines of evidence provide preliminary support for the potential benefits of cholinergic cognitive enhandng drugs, such as anticholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil) as well as novel nicotinic analogues (ABT-418). Despite these promising results, more research is needed on alternative pharmacological treatments for the treatment of ADHD. 相似文献
892.
893.
Kunda Z Davies PG Adams BD Spencer SJ 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2002,82(3):283-299
Stereotypes activated upon initial exposure to a stereotyped individual may dissipate as the exposure continues. Participants observing a videotaped interview with a Black person showed activation of the stereotype of Black people following 15 s of observation but not following 12 min of observation. However, the discovery of a disagreement with the stereotyped individual may bring the dissipated stereotype back to mind. Participants who discovered, at the end of a 12-min videotaped interview with a Black person, that this person disagreed with them about the verdict in a court case showed activation of the stereotype of Black people, whereas participants who discovered instead that the Black person agreed with them did not. Participants who disagreed with a Black person also applied the Black stereotype to him, but this stereotype application was detected only on an implicit measure of application, not on an explicit measure. 相似文献
894.
Courtship communication and perception 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Moore MM 《Perceptual and motor skills》2002,94(1):97-105
Although ethologists have detailed courtship rituals for many species, courting behavior of humans has not received extensive study from an ethological standpoint. Yet there are clearly facial expressions and gestures that are commonly labeled "flirting behaviors." These nonverbal signals have been documented recently by several investigators in field studies, but the receptivity of nonverbal courtship signals is still in question. The current research project attempted to assess the perceptual skill of naive male and female observers who were presented videotaped samples of females' nonverbal courtship and rejection behaviors and asked to rate their intensity. The results showed that overall, men rated invitational behaviors more positively than women. In contrast, signals of rejection were seen by men as sending a less potent message than that perceived by women. Evolutionary theory may offer a framework for understanding these results. 相似文献
895.
Fisher CB Hoagwood K Boyce C Duster T Frank DA Grisso T Levine RJ Macklin R Spencer MB Takanishi R Trimble JE Zayas LH 《The American psychologist》2002,57(12):1024-1040
In response to U.S. Public Health Service projects promoting attention to disparities in the outcomes of mental health treatments, in July 2001, the American Psychological Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Fordham University Center for Ethics Education convened a group of national leaders in bioethics, multicultural research, and ethnic minority mental health to produce a living document to guide ethical decision making for mental health research involving ethnic minority children and youths. This report summarizes the key recommendations distilled from these discussions. 相似文献
896.
897.
A role for prefrontal calcium-sensitive protein phosphatase and kinase activities in working memory 下载免费PDF全文
The prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration and interpretation of information for directing thoughts and planning action. Working memory is defined as the active maintenance of information in mind and is thought to lie at the core of many prefrontal functions. Although dopamine and other neurotransmitters have been implicated, the intracellular events activated by their receptors that influence working memory are poorly understood. We demonstrate that working memory involves transient changes in prefrontal G(q/11)-signaling and in calcium-dependent intracellular protein phosphatase and kinase activity. Interestingly, inhibition of the calcium activated phosphatase calcineurin impaired, while calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) enhanced, working memory. Our findings suggest that the active maintenance of information required for working memory involves transient changes in the balance of these enzymes' activities. 相似文献
898.
We report two experiments in which the two-rectangles method of Egly, Driver, and Rafal (1994) was used to test whether object-specific
attentional cuing advantages can spread to hidden portions of occluded objects. Displays began with portions of two rectangles
hidden by a third, occluding object. One end of one of the two rectangles was cued, after which the occluder rotated around
its center point and target stimuli were presented. In one condition, the occluder was removed from in front of the other
objects, either by rotating away from them (Experiment 1B) or by rotating and then slipping behind them (Experiment 1B). In
another condition, the occluder first rotated away but then returned to its original position. In both experiments, an object-specific
cuing advantage occurred in the occluderremoved condition for targets that appeared in what had been hidden locations of the
cued object. No analogous advantage occurred in the occluder-returned condition. 相似文献
899.
The identification of reliable and valid means for evaluating the effectiveness of school-based treatments and completing
diagnostic evaluations of middle school aged students are needed. The present study examined the inter-rater agreement of
teacher ratings and the relationship between ratings and observational data in a middle school setting. The data are interpreted
in the context of differences between a secondary and elementary school setting. Teacher ratings and observational data were
collected regularly over the course of two academic years for middle school students diagnosed with ADHD. The results indicate
low rates of inter-rater agreement as well as low rates of agreement between teachers and observational data, and between
observational data collected in different classrooms. Inter-rater agreement was lowest in late fall and gradually increased
over the second half of the year. Implications for conducting treatment outcome evaluations of school-based treatment programs
and diagnostic evaluations are discussed. 相似文献
900.
Speech motor programming in hypokinetic and ataxic dysarthria 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
It is widely accepted that the cerebellar and basal ganglia control circuits contribute to the programming of movement. Converging evidence from neuroimaging, limb control, and neuropsychological studies suggests that (1) people with cerebellar disease have reduced ability to program movement sequences in advance of movement onset and (2) people with Parkinson's disease are unable to maintain a programmed response or to rapidly switch between responses. Despite a substantial supporting literature, no studies have addressed these potential areas of speech programming disruption for speakers with ataxic and hypokinetic dysarthria. Control participants and adults with dysarthria completed speech reaction time protocols designed to capture these aspects of utterance preparation. Results provided initial support for processing deficits in speakers with ataxic and hypokinetic dysarthria that are separable from motor execution impairments. 相似文献