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FEMALE AGGRESSION TOWARD MALE INTIMATE PARTNERS: AN EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL NORMS IN A COMMUNITY-BASED SAMPLE 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We investigated the effect of assailant gender on injunctive social norms (i.e., beliefs about what ought to happen) regarding violence toward an intimate heterosexual partner. In a random-digit-dialed survey conducted in four languages, 3,769 community-residing adults were presented with five vignettes in which we experimentally manipulated characteristics of the assailant, victim, and incident. We examined the vignette variables and measured respondent characteristics using multivariate logistic regressions. Judgments about women's violence against male intimates (vs. men's violence against female intimates) were less harsh and took contextual factors more fully into account. The type of violence and the presence of a weapon played a central role in respondent judgments. Respondent demographic characteristics were largely unrelated to their judgments. 相似文献
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Moore's Problem with Iterated Belief 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roy Sorenson 《The Philosophical quarterly》2000,50(198):28-43
G.E. Moore's problem is to explain what is odd about sentences such as 'It is raining but I do not believe it'. This sentence is unbelievable whether read commissively as ' p & B ˜/sup> p ', or omissively as ' p & ˜/sup> B p '. However, this symmetry is broken when the belief operator is iterated many times. Whereas the commissive ' p & BBBBBBBBBB˜ p ' preserves the oddity Moore first noted, ' p & ˜ BBBBBBBBBB p ' is believable and assertable. The usual explanations of what is odd about Moore's sentences use recursive rules. Hence they uniformly extend the prediction of oddity when the belief operator is iterated. My project is to show how the asymmetry of the iterated version can be respected. 相似文献
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When choosing between options, people often distort new information in a direction that favors their developing preference.
Such information distortion is widespread and robust, but less is known about the magnitude of its effects. In particular,
research has not quantified the effects of distortion relative to the values of the choice options. In two experiments, we
manipulated participants’ initial preferences in choices between risky three-outcome monetary gambles (win, lose, or neither)
by varying the order of five information items (e.g., amount to win, chance of losing). In Experiment 1 (N = 397), the effect of initial information on gambles’ certainty equivalents (subjective values) was mediated by the distortion
of later information. The indirect effect on the difference between gambles’ certainty equivalents averaged 27% of the gambles’
mean expected value. In Experiment 2 (N = 791), we increased the difference between gambles on a later information item to overcome the effect of initial information
on participants’ choices. The required change averaged 31% of the gambles’ mean expected value. We conclude that the effects
of information distortion can be substantial. 相似文献
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M Davis L S Schlesinger C A Sorenson 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》1989,15(4):295-310
Separate groups of rats were given 30 pairings of a light (conditioned stimulus, CS) and 500-ms shock (unconditioned stimulus, US) at CS-US intervals of 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 800, 3,200, 12,800, or 51,200 ms. Other groups had lights and shocks inconsistently paired. The startle reflex was elicited 2-4 days later with a noise burst alone or 25-51,200 ms after light onset. After CS-US pairings over a wide range of intervals (25-51,200 ms), startle was potentiated in testing, sometimes as rapidly as 50 ms after light onset. Magnitude of potentiation and resistance to extinction were generally greater with longer CS-US intervals. In several groups, potentiation was maximal at a test interval that matched the CS-US interval used in training. This temporal specificity sharpened with increasing numbers of training trials but even occurred with a single training trial in which a 51,200-ms CS-US interval was used. The data indicate that even during simple fear conditioning, animals rapidly learn a temporal CS-US relationship. This has important implications for understanding the neural mechanisms of fear conditioning. 相似文献
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Fault and responsibility are key concepts in understanding how victims and assailants are, or are not, held accountable by
society. We used a fractional factorial vignette design with a community-residing sample of 3,679 adults to examine judgments
about intimate partner violence (IPV). Although fault, or causal responsibility, was assigned most often to assailants (69%), respondents assigned solution responsibility most often to both persons (52%) or to the victim alone (31%): interpersonal communication for couples (38%)
and self-protective actions for victims (i.e., engaging formal authorities [12%] and/or leaving the assailant [11%]) were
the most frequent suggestions. Potential injury to the victim and gender/relationship-based norms had the greatest impact
on judgments. Findings may inform strategies to alter social norms regarding IPV.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
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