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371.
Scott SK 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2008,12(9):323-325
Studies in humans have indicated that the anterior superior temporal sulcus has an important role in the processing of information about human voices, especially the identification of talkers from their voice. A new study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with macaques provides strong evidence that anterior auditory fields, part of the auditory 'what' pathway, preferentially respond to changes in the identity of conspecifics, rather than specific vocalizations from the same individual. 相似文献
372.
Within the time-based resource-sharing (TBRS) model, we tested a new conception of the relationships between processing and storage in which the core mechanisms of working memory (WM) are time constrained. However, our previous studies were restricted to adults. The current study aimed at demonstrating that these mechanisms are present and functional before adulthood. For this purpose, we investigated the effect on maintenance of the duration of the attentional capture induced by processing. In two experiments using computer-paced WM span tasks, 10-year-olds were asked to maintain letters while performing spatial location judgments. The duration of this processing was manipulated by varying either the discriminability between target locations or the contrast between targets and background. In both experiments, longer processing times resulted in poorer recall, as we observed previously in adults. These findings suggest that the core mechanisms of WM described by the TBRS model are already settled during childhood. 相似文献
373.
Agreement between Two Independent Groups of Raters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We propose a coefficient of agreement to assess the degree of concordance between two independent groups of raters classifying
items on a nominal scale. This coefficient, defined on a population-based model, extends the classical Cohen’s kappa coefficient
for quantifying agreement between two raters. Weighted and intraclass versions of the coefficient are also given and their
sampling variance is determined by the Jackknife method. The method is illustrated on medical education data which motivated
the research. 相似文献
374.
According to current models, spoken word recognition is driven by the phonological properties of the speech signal. However,
several studies have suggested that orthographic information also influences recognition in adult listeners. In particular,
it has been repeatedly shown that, in the lexical decision task, words that include rimes with inconsistent spellings (e.g.,
/-ip/ spelled -eap or -eep) are disadvantaged, as compared with words with consistent rime spelling. In the present study,
we explored whether the orthographic consistency effect extends to tasks requiring people to process words beyond simple lexical
access. Two different tasks were used: semantic and gender categorization. Both tasks produced reliable consistency effects.
The data are discussed as suggesting that orthographic codes are activated during word recognition, or that the organization
of phonological representations of words is affected by orthography during literacy acquisition. 相似文献
375.
Time and cognitive load in working memory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Barrouillet P Bernardin S Portrat S Vergauwe E Camos V 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(3):570-585
According to the time-based resource-sharing model (P. Barrouillet, S. Bernardin, & V. Camos, 2004), the cognitive load a given task involves is a function of the proportion of time during which it captures attention, thus impeding other attention-demanding processes. Accordingly, the present study demonstrates that the disruptive effect on concurrent maintenance of memory retrievals and response selections increases with their duration. Moreover, the effect on recall performance of concurrent activities does not go beyond their duration insofar as the processes are attention demanding. Finally, these effects are not modality specific, as spatial processing was found to disrupt verbal maintenance. These results suggest a sequential and time-based function of working memory in which processing and storage rely on a single and general purpose attentional resource needed to run executive processes devoted to constructing, maintaining, and modifying ephemeral representations. 相似文献
376.
High perceptual load makes everybody equal: eliminating individual differences in distractibility with load 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Perceptual load has been found to be a powerful determinant of distractibility in laboratory tasks. The present study assessed how the effects of perceptual load on distractibility in the laboratory relate to individual differences in the likelihood of distractibility in daily life. Sixty-one subjects performed a response-competition task in which perceptual load was varied. As expected, individuals reporting high levels of distractibility (on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, an established measure of distractibility in daily life) experienced greater distractor interference than did individuals reporting low levels. The critical finding, however, was that this relationship was confined to task conditions of low perceptual load: High perceptual load reduced distractor interference for all subjects, eliminating any individual differences. These findings suggest that the level of perceptual load in a task can predict whether individual differences in distractibility will be found and that high-load modifications of daily tasks may prove useful in preventing unwanted consequences of high distractibility. 相似文献
377.
Franciska Krings Franziska Tschan Sophie Bettex 《Journal of business and psychology》2007,21(4):585-611
162 Swiss employees were surveyed to assess knowledge of and attitudes toward different types of affirmative action programs
(AAPs) for women. Findings show that knowledge of AAPs was limited and AAPs were most frequently associated with child care
measures. Attitudes toward opportunity enhancement programs, especially toward child care, were more positive than toward
preferential selection and positive discriminatory programs. Women held more positive attitudes toward AAPs. However, for
some attitudes, gender differences were entirely mediated by symbolic prejudice toward working women. Independently of gender,
symbolic prejudice was a key predictor of all attitudes. Measures of self-view (self-esteem and gender self-concept) were
largely unrelated to attitudes toward AAPs. Implications for research and organizations are discussed.
相似文献
Franciska KringsEmail: |
378.
Naber FB Swinkels SH Buitelaar JK Dietz C van Daalen E Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ van Ijzendoorn MH van Engeland H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):899-911
Joint attention is often referred to as a triadic relation between self, other and object. Young children with autism show
deficiencies in the use of joint attention behaviors. Individual differences may be expected, and they may be determined by
the children’s cognitive development or the characteristics of the relationship of the child with the caregiver. Although
most joint attention skills develop under the age of three, most studies of joint attention in children with autism involved
children older than 3 years of age, due to difficulties in diagnosing autism under this age. In this study we investigated
joint attention behaviors of 78 young children (mean age 25.7 months, SD 6.1) with autism spectrum disorders (n = 20), other developmental delays (n = 18), and typically developing children (n = 40). Following the pertinent literature and confirmed by factor analysis, two types of joint attention behaviors were distinguished,
Basic Joint Attention (BJA) and Associated Joint Attention (AJA). We found that cognitive delays and autistic symptoms—but
not attachment insecurity or disorganization—were related to less joint attention. Already at the age of 2 years, children
with more autistic symptoms show less joint attention, even after controlling for developmental level. 相似文献
379.
Rutgers AH van Ijzendoorn MH Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Swinkels SH van Daalen E Dietz C Naber FB Buitelaar JK van Engeland H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(5):859-870
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have severe and pervasive impairments in the development of social interaction,
which may affect the attachment relationship with their parents and may have an impact on parenting. In the current investigation
89 families with young children (mean age 26.5 months) were involved, who were diagnosed as ASD, mentally retarded (MR), or
language delayed (LD), or part of a non-clinical comparison group. Attachment security was observed with the Brief Attachment
Screening Questionnaire, and several parental self-report questionnaires assessed the parenting style, parental efficacy,
parental experiences of daily hassles, social support, and psychological problems. Children with ASD were rated as less secure
compared to the other clinical and normal comparison groups. Parents of non-clinical children reported higher levels of authoritative
parenting than parents in the ASD group and in the total clinical group, and they also received less social support. Parents
of children with ASD coped remarkably well with the challenges of raising a child with ASD. 相似文献
380.
Sophie A. Lazarus Jordan Beardslee Sarah L. Pedersen Stephanie D. Stepp 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2017,45(6):1157-1167
Many studies examining the association between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and alcohol use during adolescence have focused on between-individual differences (rank order stability), comparing whether adolescents with elevated rates of alcohol use have higher BPD symptoms than those with lower rates of alcohol use. As such, the extent to which an individual’s alcohol use is associated with concurrent and future BPD symptoms has been relatively unstudied. The current study assessed year-to-year fluctuations in alcohol use and BPD symptoms in a large urban sample of girls from age 14 to age 17 (N = 2450). The primary aim was to examine whether increases in alcohol use were associated with increases in adolescent girls’ BPD symptoms in the same year and in the following year. Results of fixed-effects (within-individual) models revealed that even while controlling for the time-varying impact of symptoms of both internalizing and externalizing disorders, prior and concurrent other substance use, and all time invariant, pre-existing differences between individuals, higher past-year alcohol use was associated with higher levels of BPD symptoms. Furthermore, this association did not vary by age, or by sociodemographic factors, including child race and socioeconomic status of the family. The results of this study indicate heightened risk for the exacerbation of BPD symptoms following increases in alcohol use frequency and highlight the potential utility of interventions targeting drinking behavior for preventing escalations in BPD symptoms. 相似文献