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211.
For many models of lexical ambiguity resolution, relative frequency of the different meanings of homographs (words with more than one meaning) is crucial. Although several homograph association norms have been published in the past, none has involved a large number of subjects responding to a large number of homographs, and most homograph norming studies are now at least a decade old. In Experiment l, associations to 566 homographs were collected from an average of 192 subjects per homograph. Frequency of occurrence for the three most common meanings is reported, along with the corresponding associates, and a measure of the overall ambiguity of each homograph. Homographs whose meanings differed in part of speech were more ambiguous overall than homographs whose different meanings belonged to a single grammatical class. Homographs whose pronunciation depended on meaning (heterophones) were no more ambiguous than nonheterophones, and word frequency was unrelated to overall ambiguity. Estimates of homograph balance across different norming studies were compared, and homographs with two meanings of approximately equal relative meaning frequency (balanced homographs) and homographs with one clearly dominant meaning (polarized homographs) were identified. In Experiment 2, reliability of meaning categorizations was measured for a subset of the homographs in the first experiment. Meaning categorizations were shown to be highly reliable across raters. 相似文献
212.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the nature of the intuitive problem representation used in evaluating mathematical strategies. The first experiment tested between two representations: a representation composed of principles and an integrated representation. Subjects judged the correctness of unseen math strategies based only on the answers they produced for a set of temperature mixture problems. The distance of the given answers from the correct answers and whether the answers violated one of the principles of temperature mixture were manipulated. The results supported the principle representation hypothesis. In the second experiment we manipulated subjects’ understanding of an acid mixture task with a brief paragraph of instruction on one of the principles. Subjects then completed an estimation task intended to measure their understanding of the problem domain. The evaluation task from the first experiment was then presented, but with acid mixture instead of temperature mixture. The results showed that intuitive understanding of the domain mediates the effect of instruction on evaluating problems. Additionally, the results supported the hypothesis that subjects perform a mapping process between their intuitive understanding and math strategies. 相似文献
213.
In bar-probe partial report experiments, subjects are presented with a brief array of letters, followed by a cue that singles out a target letter. Using this procedure, V. M. Townsend (1973) reported a counterintuitive effect: As the duration of a cue was increased, target performance decreased dramatically. The aim of the present study was to isolate the locus of the cue-duration effect. To this end, several characteristics of the bar-probe display were manipulated in a single experiment: the interstimulus interval between the array and the cue, array density, the number of letters, and the number of symbols adjacent to the target. These factors were manipulated on a priori grounds so as to affect the different sources of information used in the bar-probe task--namely, durable storage, abstract identity information, and feature level information. The data were accurately fit by a simple quantitative, multinomial model that assumes that the different sources of information used in the bar-probe task make independent contributions to performance. The critical assumption of the model is that cue duration interferes with only one source of information--namely, feature level information. 相似文献
214.
215.
Partial report performance is conceived of as consisting of two independent sources of information: visible persistence and schematic persistence. Following the work of Di Lollo and Dixon (1988), these two sources of information were separated experimentally by varying interstimulus interval and stimulus onset asynchrony independently. In the present experiment we asked whether visible persistence and schematic persistence would be affected by display luminance, stimulus meaningfulness, or probe duration. The results were fit accurately by an extension of the Di Lollo and Dixon independent-decay model in which display luminance affected visible persistence but stimulus meaningfulness and probe duration affected neither form of persistence directly. 相似文献
216.
Researchers have examined symbolic play style as a qualitative variable distinguishing two groups of children: patterners and dramatists. We have conceptualized style not as a typology of children but as reflecting dimensions of difference between children which are amenable to quantitative analysis. For the construct of style to be invoked, it must be measurable by many variables, it must be observable over time, and it ought to be demonstrably independent of general developmental level. Fifteen boys and 15 girls were each seen twice, once at 21 months of age and again 6 weeks later. The Session 2 pattern of correlations among hypothesized dramatist measures was not entirely consistent with that observed at Session 1; however, three measures, narrative vocalizations, spontaneous play, and elicited-appropriate play were primary dramatist measures at both sessions. 相似文献
217.
218.
When a single target was displayed 100-200 ms after a five-item array, observers were remarkably poor at deciding whether or not the target was in the array; performance was much better when the target either preceded the array or followed it by a longer interval. This effect was independent of a number of visual display parameters, suggesting that it was not due to visual contour interaction. In addition, visual similarity did not interact with the effect, indicating that it probably did not occur during item identification either. However, when observers added one to a digit target before deciding whether it occurred in the array, the effect was substantially reduced. The results suggested a model in which abstract identity information about the target is confused with the array at certain temporal intervals. A quantitative version of this model fit the data quite well. 相似文献
219.
Sixty-hertz raster scan monitors provide relatively inexpensive solutions to problems associated with presenting complex visual stimuli. However, they restrict the user to displays in which stimulus characteristics cannot be changed more often than once every 16.67 msec. Calligraphic monitors allow very high frame rates, but not the generation of complex or chromatic images (unless very expensive monitors are purchased). A method is reported for increasing the frame rate of some raster monitors at the expense of the number of lines that are painted. Also, data relating to the influence of such a modification on visual performance is presented. 相似文献
220.
Normalization of irrelevant dimensions in stimulus comparisons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P Dixon M A Just 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1978,4(1):36-46
When subjects compared two multidimensional stimuli with respect to a single (relevant) dimension in a same-different task, variation in the irrelevant dimension systematically affected reaction times. For same trials, reaction times increased monotonically with the amount of disparity between the stimuli on the irrelevant dimension. The dimensions were heights and widths of ellipses or hues and tints of color patches. The results were interpreted in terms of a normalization process that internally transforms the irrelevant dimensions of the two stimuli until they are equal. The amount of normalization, and hence same reaction time, increased with increasing disparity on the irrelevant dimension. These results suggest that in order to decide that two objects are equivalent in some criterial respect, it is often necessary to normalize irrelevant disparities. 相似文献