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161.
Heit E Hayes BK 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2005,134(4):596-605; discussion 606-611
V. M. Sloutsky and A. V. Fisher reported 5 experiments documenting relations among categorization, induction, recognition, and similarity in children as well as adults and proposed a new model of induction, SINC (similarity, induction, categorization). Those authors concluded that induction depends on perceptual similarity rather than conceptual knowledge. Despite the useful contributions of this work, there are some important limitations. The experimental designs examined a limited range of phenomena that are not the most revealing about the use of nonperceptual information. The main results involved a simple triad task, for which the SINC model's predictions are equivalent to the predictions of previous models of inductive reasoning. It is also unclear whether the SINC model can account for the observed relations between similarity and recognition. Implications for future work on induction and related cognitive activities are discussed. 相似文献
162.
This article examines why organizations struggle with learning how to prevent discrimination against their employees with disabilities. To explore this issue, qualitative archival data were collected and analyzed from 53 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) lawsuits filed against 44 organizations. Theoretical analysis of the qualitative data suggests that several organizationally based learning theories explain the difficulty organizations have with creating a disability-friendly work environment. These barriers to learning are embedded in complex defense mechanisms and discriminatory organizational routines. Furthermore, organizations have difficulties engaging in higher-order and vicarious learning. We conclude the article with examples of successful learning practices as they relate to barriers identified in the qualitative analysis. 相似文献
163.
An important question in the field of imitation is what information is used for movement reproduction. While it is argued that relative motion information is perceived and minimised, direct evidence is lacking. In this experiment relative motion was manipulated to convey a novel kicking action. Twenty-four adults were assigned to one of the three impoverished relative motion display groups showing only the TOE, FOOT or LEG. After practise with partial information, participants watched a full-body display and in a final condition performed the action with an additional context constraint (i.e., a ball). Movement kinematics were collected and difference scores between participants and the model were analysed. The groups did not differ in terms of knee-ankle coordination. For hip-knee, the TOE group performed more like the model than the FOOT and LEG group. When transferred to the full-body display, there were no significant improvements. End-point trajectory information can provide sufficient information to reproduce key characteristics of the movement form. 相似文献
164.
Two technologies are currently used to screen newborn infants for hearing, auditory brainstem response (ABR), and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). Each technology is based on detecting the infant's physiologic response to auditory stimulation. ABR is a short-latency auditory evoked response originating from eighth nerve and brainstem auditory pathway structures and detected by scalp surface electrodes. OAEs are auditory signals generated by cochlear outer hair cells in response to acoustic stimulation and detected by a miniature microphone coupled to the infant's ear. Although each technique requires specific sound generation and response recording technologies, advances in computerized stimulus delivery and response detection algorithms allow these tests to be performed by trained technicians or volunteers under the supervision of an audiologist. Results of test performance, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are described. 相似文献
165.
People with an intellectual disability are over-represented in the criminal justice system in many western countries. Identifying accused persons with intellectual disability is important if they are to receive protections available under the law. Accurate diagnosis is also relevant for correctional administrators, probation and parole services, and community services. Diagnosis of intellectual disability must be made on the basis of both cognitive skills (intelligence) and adaptive behavior. In this study, the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test assessed intelligence, and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales assessed adaptive behavior, through self-report. Tests were administered to 150 offenders, ranging in age from 13 to 53 years, in Australian prisons, juvenile detention centers, legal aid offices, and probation services. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients calculated among all subtests and between total scores were significant. ROC curve analyses demonstrated that performance on each effectively predicted a standard score of less than 70 on the other one. 相似文献
166.
Sonia Sikka 《Heythrop Journal》1998,39(3):243-263
167.
Rehfeldt Ruth Anne Dixon Mark R. Hayes Linda J. Steele Amy 《The Psychological record》1998,48(4):647-664
The Psychological Record - The purpose of this experiment was to examine the blocking effect within the context of a stimulus equivalence paradigm. Ten subjects were provided with a prior history... 相似文献
168.
Andrew F. Hayes 《Behavior research methods》1998,30(3):536-543
Randomization tests are valid alternatives to parametric tests like the t test and analysis of variance when the normality or random sampling assumptions of these tests are violated. Three SPSS programs are listed and described that will conduct approximate randomization tests for testing the null hypotheses that two or more means or distributions are the same or that two variables are independent (i.e., uncorrelated or “randomly associated”). The programs will work on both desktop and mainframe versions of SPSS. Although the SPSS programs are slower on desktop machines than software designed explicitly for randomization tests, these programs bring randomization tests into the reach of researchers who prefer the SPSS computing environment for data analysis. 相似文献
169.
Richard L. Hayes 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,72(3):261-267
Despite the great contribution by Lawrence Kohlberg to our understanding of moral development, counselors are only beginning to appreciate fully the implications of his developmental psychology for the practice of counseling and human development. Drawing on the collective body of Kohlberg's work, seven basic assumptions are shown to have direct relevance for conceptualizing counseling from a constructivist developmental approach. 相似文献
170.