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The linear perspective information in ground surface representation and distance judgment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Most ground surfaces contain various types of texture gradient information that serve as depth cues for space perception. We investigated how linear perspective, a type of texture gradient information on the ground, affects judged absolute distance and eye level. Phosphorescent elements were used to display linear perspective information on the floor in an otherwise dark room. We found that observers were remarkably receptive to such information. Changing the configuration of the linear perspective information from parallel to converging resulted in relatively larger judged distances and lower judged eye levels. These findings support the proposals that (1) the visual system has a bias for representing an image of converging lines as one of parallel lines on a downward-slanting surface and (2) the convergence point of a converging-lines image represents the eye level. Finally, we found that the visual system may be less sensitive to the manipulation of compression gradient information than of linear perspective information. 相似文献
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To assess priming by iconic gestures, we recorded EEG (at 29 scalp sites) in two experiments while adults watched short, soundless
videos of spontaneously produced, cospeech iconic gestures followed by related or unrelated probe words. In Experiment 1,
participants classified the relatedness between gestures and words. In Experiment 2, they attended to stimuli, and performed
an incidental recognition memory test on words presented during the EEG recording session. Event-related potentials (ERPs)
time-locked to the onset of probe words were measured, along with response latencies and word recognition rates. Although
word relatedness did not affect reaction times or recognition rates, contextually related probe words elicited less-negative
ERPs than did unrelated ones between 300 and 500 msec after stimulus onset (N400) in both experiments. These findings demonstrate
sensitivity to semantic relations between iconic gestures and words in brain activity engendered during word comprehension. 相似文献
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Inter-rater reliability and accuracy are measures of rater performance. Inter-rater reliability is frequently used as a substitute for accuracy despite conceptual differences and literature suggesting important differences between them. The aims of this study were to compare inter-rater reliability and accuracy among a group of raters, using a treatment adherence scale, and to assess for factors affecting the reliability of these ratings. Paired undergraduate raters assessed therapist behavior by viewing videotapes of 4 therapists' cognitive behavioral therapy sessions. Ratings were compared with expert-generated criterion ratings and between raters using intraclass correlation (2,1). Inter-rater reliability was marginally higher than accuracy (p = 0.09). The specific therapist significantly affected inter-rater reliability and accuracy. The frequency and intensity of the therapists' ratable behaviors of criterion ratings correlated only with rater accuracy. Consensus ratings were more accurate than individual ratings, but composite ratings were not more accurate than consensus ratings. In conclusion, accuracy cannot be assumed to exceed inter-rater reliability or vice versa, and both are influenced by multiple factors. In this study, the subject of the ratings (i.e. the therapist and the intensity and frequency of rated behaviors) was shown to influence inter-rater reliability and accuracy. The additional resources needed for a composite rating, a rating based on the average score of paired raters, may be justified by improved accuracy over individual ratings. The additional time required to arrive at a consensus rating, a rating generated following discussion between 2 raters, may not be warranted. Further research is needed to determine whether these findings hold true with other raters and treatment adherence scales. 相似文献
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自我复杂性模型研究述评 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Linville的自我复杂性模型认为,高度分化的自我概念(自我维度数量少且维度间的相似性低)能够通过防止情绪扩散缓冲压力事件的消极影响。相关研究有的证实了这一假设,有的则未获得相关证据。研究者认为结果存在差异的主要原因在于对以下问题尚存分歧:自我复杂性反映的是整合还是分化、内容与结构的关系问题等等。研究者由此提出将自我复杂性的重叠成分单独研究,或者将内容和结构相结合的方法对模型做了一定的修正。作者在回顾上述文化的同时提出,未来研究需要清楚地进行概念界定,澄清其作用机制和选择有效的研究方法,由此促进自我复杂性理论的进一步发展完善 相似文献
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