成败情境下不同目标取向学生内在动机特点

以213名小学生为被试,设置成功和失败情境,考察三种成就目标取向学生内在动机的差异。结果发现:两种情境下,掌握目标的学生均有最高的内在动机;失败情境下,成绩接近目标学生的内在动机显著高于成绩回避目标的学生,但成功情境下,两种目标取向学生的内在动机没有显著差异;掌握目标学生在两种情境下的内在动机无显著差异;成绩接近和成绩回避目标学生在失败情境下的内在动机显著低于成功情境下的内在动机。     

管理培训背景下适应性绩效的结构分析

本研究以适应性绩效理论为基础,在上海、北京、广州、浙江、江苏、重庆等地用问卷调查了十多个企业的管理培训实施情况,得到了334个有效样本。对数据进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析后,得到了管理培训背景下的四因素适应性绩效结构模型,四个因素分别被命名为:压力和应急处理、创新解决问题、岗位持续学习以及人际和文化适应。该适应性绩效结构为管理培训评估研究中效标的确定提供了新思路。最后讨论了今后研究需要进一步注意的问题。     

去甲肾上腺素对习得性长时程突触增强的影响

在大鼠条件性饮水反应的建立和巩固过程中,在每天训练之前,通过预先与记录电极一起埋植在海马齿状回的注药管,微量注射去甲肾上腺素(NE),观察其对海马齿状回的习得性长时程突触增强的影响。结果表明:NE能增强突触效应;训练作业前注NE易化了习得性长时程突触增强的形成,但对其巩固无影响;同时相应地易化了动物条件反应的建立。提示NE参与海马齿状回的习得性长时程增强的形成。本文对其可能的作用机制进行了讨论。     

香港医疗制度与改革

香港的医疗制度由一个"二元医疗体系"组成,在体制模式、融资制度及服务规管三方面的安排都有其独特之处,为香港七百多万人提供了一个全民医疗安全网,能够达到公平、有效、可及性高及质素佳的要求。但是这个医疗系统也存在不少问题和隐忧,需要有效的改革,包括管治、管理、服务安排和融资模式改革等。     

Can 9.5-month-old infants attribute to an agent a disposition to perform a particular action on objects?

The present research examined whether 9.5-month-old infants can attribute to an agent a disposition to perform a particular action on objects, and can then use this disposition to predict which of two new objects - one that can be used to perform the action and one that cannot - the agent is likely to reach for next. The infants first received familiarization trials in which they watched an agent slide either three (Experiments 1 and 3) or six (Experiment 2) different objects forward and backward on an apparatus floor. During test, the infants saw two new identical objects placed side by side: one stood inside a short frame that left little room for sliding, and the other stood inside a longer frame that left ample room for sliding. The infants who saw the agent slide six different objects attributed to her a disposition to slide objects: they expected her to select the "slidable" as opposed to the "unslidable" test object, and they looked reliably longer when she did not. In contrast, the infants who saw the agent slide only three different objects looked about equally when she selected either test object. These results add to recent evidence that infants in the first year of life can attribute dispositions to agents, and can use these dispositions to help predict agents' actions in new contexts.     

The reconfiguration of task set has no effect on the efficiency of feature search

In this study, we investigated whether or not the reconfiguration of a set task could modulate the efficiency of feature search. In Experiment 1, target set size was manipulated. The results revealed that enumerating targets defined by color yields a much steeper slope when executed simultaneously with a discrimination task than when done singly. However, when distractor set size was manipulated, there was no significant difference in the efficiency of individualizing targets from distractors between the two task conditions, no matter whetherthe search was guided by bottom-up information (Experiment 2) or top-down information (Experiment 3). Drawing upon these results, the authors propose that (1) an additional task can impair the efficiency of enumeration, resulting in a steep slope of counting even when target set size is quite small, and (2) in feature search, the visual system first reconfigures the task set to match the input feature information and then detects the targets with an optimal efficiency, which does not support the theory proposed by Di Lollo, Kawahara, Zuvic, and Visser (2001; Di Lollo, Smilek, Kawahara, & Ghorashi, 2005).     

医科大学生在农村进行艾滋病防治干预模式的探索

艾滋病在中国正处于快速蔓延期,目前艾滋病的宣教和干预,集中在年底艾滋病日前后,集中在大城市,基层农村做得很少.而国家每年培养的数以万计的医科类大学生却没有充分发挥作用.有鉴于此,特组织策划2007防艾乡村大讲堂活动以探索医科大学生在农村进行艾滋病防治干预的新模式.     

网络社会伦理:一种基于责任伦理的建构

网络社会的道德活动是网络中的个人、组织之间的社会关系和共同利益的反映.因特网是通过人们自觉自愿地互联而建立起来的,在网络社会中,既是信息的提供者,又是信息的使用者;既是网络的用户,又是网络的管理者.任何人都离不开他人和社会.网络社会由无数网民和各种各样的组织组成,每一个主体都处于自我、集体、社会的种种复杂关系之中.要使网络社会和谐有序地发展,基于责任伦理控制体系的建构是必要的,也是可能的.     

Approach‐Avoidance Motivation and the Use of Affect as Information

Individuals often rely on their affect for information. However, positive or negative affect may not be informative for individuals who are more prone to feel affect of this particular valence in general, unless they chronically monitor their internal states. A series of studies demonstrates that differences in individuals’ internal versus external focus of attention and in trait affective valence associated with their approach versus avoidance motivation determine reliance on affect as information. Specifically, our findings show that while positive affect is used as an input in product satisfaction judgments regardless of individuals’ approach versus avoidance motivation, negative affect is used only by individuals with a predominant approach motivation.     

Implicit probabilistic sequence learning is independent of explicit awareness

Studies into interactions between explicit and implicit motor sequence learning have yielded mixed results. Some of these discrepancies have been attributed to difficulties in isolating implicit learning. In the present study, the effect of explicit knowledge on implicit learning was investigated using a modified version of the Alternating Serial Response Time (ASRT) task, a probabilistic sequence learning paradigm that yields continuous and relatively pure measures of implicit learning. Results revealed that implicit learning occurred to the same extent, whether or not subjects had explicit knowledge. Some evidence, however, indicated that explicit knowledge could interfere with the expression of implicit learning early in training. In addition, there were dissociations between learning measures, in that reaction time and accuracy were differentially affected by explicit knowledge. These findings indicate that implicit sequence learning occurs independently of explicit knowledge, and help to explain previous discrepant findings.