内源性眼跳与注意转移关系研究述评

视觉选择过程中既存在外显的眼跳行为,也包含内隐的注意转移,两者对于视觉目标的加工都有促进作用。近二十年来出现大量关于二者关系的研究,多数研究者发现眼跳和注意转移存在密切联系。内源性眼跳是个体根据目标或意愿主动发起的眼跳,对人类生存具有重大意义。本文系统回顾了视觉加工领域中对于内源性眼跳与空间注意转移关系问题的探讨及其研究成果,分别从行为研究和神经心理学研究两个方面阐述了该领域的研究进展并作出简要评价及展望。     

A study of experiential technology and scientific technology, exemplified by Chinese and western medicine

Experience and science, being the two sources of technology, have different focuses. In experiential technology, techniques and skills are emphasized while in scientific technology tool or equipment. Experiential technology is generally regarded as local knowledge, and scientific technology universal. Traditional Chinese medicine is an experiential technology. In contrast, Western medicine is set up as a scientific technology with great efforts. Through the comparison of these two medicines, this paper attempts to illustrate the difference between the two technologies and in turn, the difference between these two medicines by defining these two technologies. Finally, this paper further investigates the special values of Chinese medicine. Making use of the SSK theory, this paper deconstructs the idea of universality of science, and argues that, the universality is the feature that science pursues, but not what it already has. With more historical evidence, experiential technology is more stable, while scientific technology is less stable because it updates quickly, and often changes reversely.     

团体辅导改善大学生人际关系及心理健康水平的实证研究

目的:探讨团体心理辅导对改善大学生人际关系及心理健康水平的有效性及可行性。方法:采用单因素重复测量设计自然实验,对16名有改善人际关系愿望的大学生进行为期2个月,共10次的团体心理辅导干预;使用人际关系综合诊断量表和症状自评量表前后施测,结合团体成员的反馈自评和表现进行质的分析。结果:被试人际关系综合诊断量表前后测有差异(t=2.55,p<0.05),症状自评量表总分有显著差异(t=3.12,p<0.01),其中抑郁、敌对因子有显著差异(抑郁因子t=2.95,敌对因子t=2.71),人际关系和偏执因子有差异(人际关系因子t=2.53,偏执因子t=2.57)。结论:人际交往团体辅导对改善大学生的人际关系,提高心理健康水平是有效的。     

社会判断的选择通达理论

比较是社会判断的核心过程。近期,Mussweile提出了选择通达理论模型,该模型区分了比较中两个基本的假设过程,整合了比较中的多种结果,为人们更好地理解判断的本质提供了一个新视角。本文主要介绍了选择通达的过程、结果及其存在的普遍性,并讨论了参照点运用和选择通达机制之间的区别和联系。     

海德格尔论亚里士多德的时间观

本文详尽疏解了海德格尔对亚里士多德时间定义的现象学解释。在他看来,亚里士多德的时间定义没有“错误”可言,因为一方面,亚里士多德的时间决不是如柏格森所认为的那样就是空间,尽管他把时间的特征首先刻画为诸现在的相继序列,但值得注意的是,诸现在不是诸部分从而把时间拼接在一起成为一个整体;另一方面,当他相关乎“早与晚”来界定时间时,他恰恰是基于时间之为相关乎运动而被计数者来界定时间,所以亚里士多德的时间定义本身并不属于同语反复,相反,他是从事情本身的规定性来说的。尽管亚里士多德的时间观还属于流俗的前科学的时间领会,但它所显示的现象学内容为我们从流俗时间过渡到源始时间提供了一条可靠的进路。     

Effects of incidental positive emotion and cognitive reappraisal on affective responses to negative stimuli

Previous studies have identified two powerful ways to regulate emotional responses to a stressor: experiencing incidental positive emotions and using cognitive reappraisal to reframe the stressor. Several cognitive and motivational theories of positive emotion support the formulation that incidental positive emotions may facilitate cognitive reappraisal. To test the separate and interacting effects of positive emotions and cognitive reappraisal, we first adapted an established picture-based reappraisal paradigm by interspersing blocks of positive emotion inducing and neutral pictures. Across two pre-registered studies (Studies 1, 2), reappraisal effectively decreased self-reported negative emotions and increased self-reported positive emotions; however, experiencing incidental positive emotions did not facilitate reappraisal success. In another preregistered study (Study 3), we employed a more powerful positive emotion induction via virtual reality (VR), used a social stress anticipation task, and instructed participants to reappraise the anticipated stressor positively. Although there was a robust effect of the positive emotion induction (relative to the neutral induction) on feeling more positive emotions throughout stress anticipation, the results again indicated that incidental positive emotions did not facilitate cognitive reappraisal. We propose that incidental positive emotions and cognitive reappraisal may constitute separate pathways of influence when regulating one's responses to negative events.     

视觉表象个体差异及其神经基础

视觉表象涉及人类一种重要信息表征方式, 与工作记忆和注意相比, 视觉表象研究更为关注其所产生的主观内容, 而这一主观内容的产生存在明显的个体差异。本文从个体差异的角度, 系统介绍了视觉表象个体差异的表现与内在的神经基础及其可能的应用, 并展望了未来的研究方向。本研究将有助于对视觉表象个体差异的认识, 促进视觉表象功能与实质问题研究的进一步开展。     

Analysis of structural equation model with ignorable missing continuous and polytomous data

The main purpose of this article is to develop a Bayesian approach for structural equation models with ignorable missing continuous and polytomous data. Joint Bayesian estimates of thresholds, structural parameters and latent factor scores are obtained simultaneously. The idea of data augmentation is used to solve the computational difficulties involved. In the posterior analysis, in addition to the real missing data, latent variables and latent continuous measurements underlying the polytomous data are treated as hypothetical missing data. An algorithm that embeds the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm within the Gibbs sampler is implemented to produce the Bayesian estimates. A goodness-of-fit statistic for testing the posited model is presented. It is shown that the proposed approach is not sensitive to prior distributions and can handle situations with a large number of missing patterns whose underlying sample sizes may be small. Computational efficiency of the proposed procedure is illustrated by simulation studies and a real example.The work described in this paper was fully supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the HKSAR (Project No. CUHK 4088/99H). The authors are greatly indebted to the Editor and anonymous reviewers for valuable comments in improving the paper; and also to D. E. Morisky and J.A. Stein for the use of their AIDS data set.     

关于健康带菌者社会性格分类的实证研究

本文针对当前中国处于社会转型期的现状,提出了健康 者社会性格的概念,通过调研发现其维度由八个因素构成,分别的集体主义,独立性、依存性、支配性与安定感,获取了健康带菌者社会性格的分类及其特征,并分析与其健康、病态社会性格的关系。     

Using a new taxonomy to combine the uncombinable: integrating results across diverse interventions

Researchers have examined numerous psychosocial and behavioral interventions intended to alleviate distress among family caregivers of persons with dementia. Many of these interventions are complex, combining numerous treatment components. Although some multicomponent interventions have been successful in reducing caregiver distress, the impact of specific elements of these interventions on outcomes is not known. The article presents results of an analytic approach that allows researchers to describe the individual elements of multicomponent interventions and to examine the relationships between those components and outcomes. This approach is successfully applied to interventions being evaluated in the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH) program. The results indicate that actively targeting caregiver behavior is effective in achieving positive outcomes with respect to caregiver depression.