The Stability of Literacy-Related Cognitive Contributions to Chinese Character Naming and Reading Fluency

The present study examined the developmental issue of cognitive factors that explain Chinese literacy. Phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, short-term memory, orthographic awareness and morphological awareness and two literacy tasks (character naming and reading fluency) were administered to 408 second-graders, 428 fourth-graders and 496 six-graders. Results from linear regression analysis and path analysis model showed that the five reading-related cognitive constructs explained unique variances in character naming. Second, character naming is primary for reading fluency after controlling other cognitive constructs; third, the relation between the cognitive factors and literacy changes significantly as a function of reading skills. Results give a clear direction to understanding Chinese reading development.     

对信息源的正向跟随倾向对决策效果的影响*

采用实验研究的方法,检验了二元选择情形下高准确率信息源(准确率x >50%)和低准确率信息源(准确率为1?x)对决策者预测效果的影响。尽管从逻辑上二者从准确率层面具有完全相等的信息价值,然而研究结果显示,决策者更倾向于采用正向跟随而非逆向跟随的方式处理来自信息源的信息。这导致低准确信息源的价值未能得以充分利用。学习和信息源的规范性对该信息处理倾向起到调节作用。     

Effect of strain rate on the compressive behaviour of a Zr56Al10.9Ni4.6Cu27.8Nb0.7 bulk metallic glass

We report the study of the effect of strain rate on the compressive behaviour of a Zr₅₆Al_10.9Ni_4.6Cu_27.8Nb_0.7 bulk metallic glass. The results indicated that both the strength and plasticity of the glass increase with increasing the strain rate up to 10^?5 s^?1, above which the strength and plasticity start to decrease. The enhanced mechanical properties under a strain rate of 10^?5 s^?1 are due to the emission/propagation rate of the shear bands being consistent with the strain rate.     

Electromechanical behavior of single-walled carbon nanotube thin films

Carbon nanotubes have been intensively studied owing to their great potential in nanoelectronics and nanomechanical devices. Recently, experimental results have shown that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) change their electronic properties when subjected to strain. In this study, the electromechanical characteristics of SWCNT networks were investigated for the application of printable strain sensors on flexible substrates. SWCNT films were formed on plastic substrates of poly(ethylene terephthalate) using a spray process. In this manner, we were able to control the transparency and obtain uniform electrical properties of the films. The films are isotropic on account of the random orientation of bundles of SWCNTs. Experimental results showed a nearly linear change in the resistance across a film when it was subjected to tensile strain, even in the inelastic range of the flexible substrate. The results demonstrate the potential use of SWCNT films for highly sensitive printable strain sensors on a macroscale.     

Sol-gel-hydrothermal growth of oxide thin films at low temperatures

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) (Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃) and barium titanate (BaTiO₃) thin films have been successfully prepared using a novel sol-gel- hydrothermal (SG-HT) technique at low temperatures, which involves a combination of the conventional sol-gel process and a hydrothermal method. Highly (111)-oriented PZT thin films with a single perovskite phase and polycrystalline BaTiO thin films with well developed crystallites were obtained at a processing temperature as low as 160⁰C. The microstructural characteristics demonstrate that the SG-HT-derived PZT and BaTiO₃ thin films with good crystallinity and surface morphology are converted from the amorphous phase to the desired perovskite phase on platinum-coated and bare silicon substrates at a low processing temperature of 100-200 C. These results suggest that the SGHT technique, which is of great significance because of its low processing temperature, will become a potential and promising process for fabricating PZT, BaTiO₃ and other oxide thin films.     

贪婪:态度、动机与决策机制

贪婪是人性的重要特点之一,也是哲学、经济学等领域经常讨论的话题.本文首先梳理了贪婪的概念,并将问题聚焦在对于物质的贪婪上.然后总结了贪婪的特点,并提出贪婪的定义.接着阐述了情境因素如何影响个体对贪婪的态度,以及贪婪动机如何影响自利行为.贪婪决策是个体决定是否做出贪婪行为的心理过程,受到自我意识和情绪的影响.贪婪决策过程模型整合了控制性、自动化两类加工方式,阐释了自利倾向与道德自觉相互作用的机制.本文对以上内容逐次进行讨论,并提出了未来研究的方向.     

Engaging the motor system with masked orthographic primes: A kinematic analysis

We report two experiments in which participants categorized target words (e.g., BLOOD or CUCUMBER) according to their canonical colour of red or green by pointing to a red square on the left or a green square on the right. Unbeknownst to the participants, the target words were preceded by the prime words “red” or “green”. We found that the curvature of participants’ pointing trajectories was greater following incongruent primes (green–BLOOD) than it was following congruent primes, indicating that individuals initiated a response on the basis of the prime and then corrected that response mid-flight. This finding establishes that the processing of masked orthographic stimuli extends down to include the formulation of an overt manual response.     

阅读中自然学习生词的实验研究

本研究对儿童阅读时从语境中自然学习生词的过程及其多个影响因素进行了探讨。301名三、五年级小学生参加了实验。首先要求他们阅读文章,然后测验他们对文章中生词的知识。本研究在不同年级和能力的儿童中都发现了显著的自然学习效应。结果还表明,词的概念难度、词结构的语义透明度、语境线索强度和儿童课外阅读量对儿童的自然学习有重要影响。     

汉语词类歧义解决初探

采用自定步速移动窗口阅读实验范式,考察汉语词类歧义解决过程。阅渎材料为含有单字词类歧义词的句子,歧义词前面的语境不提供明确的偏向性信息．后语境提供解歧信息。结果发现,主要用法和次要用法的句子都在解歧区比控制句阅读时间加长,表明汉语词类歧义解决没有即时受到歧义词两种用法的相对频率影响,而是在歧义词处暂时不进行完全的句法分配,延迟到获得充分解歧信息的时候才分配句法角色。这一结果支持词类歧义解决的延迟模型。