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We examined how showing a film backwards (reverse transformation) affects the visual perception of biological motion. Adults and 6-year-old children saw first a point-light quadruped moving normally as if on a treadmill, and then saw the same display in reverse transformation. For other groups the order of presentation was the opposite. Irrespective of the presentation mode (normal or reverse) and of the facing of the point-light figure (rightward or leftward), a pronounced apparent-facing effect was observed: the perceptual identification of a display was mainly determined by the apparent direction of locomotion. The findings suggest that in interpreting impoverished point-light biological-motion stimuli the visual system may neglect distortions caused by showing a film backwards. This property appears to be robust across perceptual development. Possible explanations of the apparent-facing effect are discussed. 相似文献
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Display inversion severely impedes veridical perception of point-light biological motion (Pavlova and Sokolov, 2000 Perception & Psychophysics 62 889-899; Sumi, 1984 Perception 13 283-286). Here, by using a spontaneous-recognition paradigm, we ask whether prior information about display orientation improves biological motion perception. Participants were shown a set of 180 degrees inverted point-light stimuli depicting a human walker and quadrupeds (dogs). In experiment 1, one group of observers was not aware of the orientation of stimuli, whereas the other group was told beforehand that stimuli will be presented upside down. In experiment 2, independent groups of participants informed about stimulus orientation saw the same set of stimuli, in each of which either a moving or a static background line was inserted. The findings indicate that information about display inversion is insufficient for reliable recognition of inverted point-light biological motion. Instead, prior information facilitates display recognition only when it is complemented by additional contextual elements. It appears that visual impressions from inverted point-light stimuli remain impenetrable with respect to one's knowledge about display orientation. The origins of orientation specificity in biological motion perception are discussed in relation to the recent neuroimaging data obtained with point-light stimuli and fragmented Mooney faces. 相似文献
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Evgeni N. Sokolov Wolfram Boucsein 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2000,35(2):81-119
Despite a wide variety of emotions that can be subjectively experienced, the emotion space has consistently revealed a low
dimensionality. The search for corresponding somato-visceral response patterns has been only moderately successful. The authors
suggest a solution based on an assumed parallelism between emotion coding and color coding. According to the color detection
model proposed by Sokolov and co-workers, neurons responsible for color detection are triggered by a combination of excitations
in a limited number of input cells. Similarly, a limited number of input channels may feed complex emotion detectors being
located on a hypersphere in a four-dimensional emotion space, the three angles of which correspond to emotional tone, intensity,
and saturation, in parallel to hue, lightness, and saturation in color perception. The existence of such a four-dimensional
emotion space in the subjective domain is shown by using schematic facial expressions as stimuli.
A neurophysiological model is provided in which reticular, hypothalamic, and limbic structures constitute input channels of
an emotion detecting system, thus acting as the first layer of emotion predetectors. Hypothalamic neurons with differential
sensitivity for various transmitters may elicit a subsequent selective activation in a second layer of predetectors at the
thalamic level. The latter are suggested to trigger emotion detectors located in cortical areas, the action of which should
be revealed by measures of central nervous system activity. Preliminary results from evoked potential studies show that switching
between schematic faces that express different emotions may be used as an objective measure for establishing a psychophysiological
emotion space. 相似文献
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Alexander N. Sokolov 《International journal of psychology》1971,6(1):79-92
L'auteur passe en revue les recherches théoriques et expérimentales qui concernent le problème de la parole intérieure et de la pensée. Parmi les nombreux aspects de ce problème, L'auteur examine tout d'abord le rôle des kinesthésies verbales; elles constituent un “code kinesthésique” de la pensée à L'aide duquel les diverses informations sensorielles sont fixées et traitées logiquement. Cette conception s'appuie sur des expériences de blocage temporaire et d'inhibition de la parole intérieure, ainsi que sur des recherches électro-physiologiques relatives à L'articulation latente au cours de L'activité mentale (résolution de problèmes verbaux et perceptifs, lecture silencieuse et compréhension de textes, etc.). Les résultats ici consignés sont relatifs à différentes catégories de sujets: adultes normaux, enfants, sourds, aphasiques. L'analyse de ces résultats expérimentaux permet de conclure à L'existence d'une connexion indissoluble entre pensée et langage: L'émission verbale intérieure se réduit progressivement et elle est remplacée par des “complexes sémantiques” qui fonctionnent sous la forme de “mots clés” en combinaison avec de nombreux autres symboles. Les “complexes sémantiques” décrits dans L'article sont tout à fait distincts et agissent comme des “quantas de pensée”. Ces études permettent de considérer la pensée comme une activité dont le but est de traiter L'information sensorielle à L'aide de la logique et du langage: il est nécessaire de prendre en considération tous les aspects de son fonctionnement, y compris les divers codes de la parole intérieure. 相似文献
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A SEMANTIC SPACE OF COLOR NAMES 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Evtikhin DV Polianskii VB Alymkulov DE Sokolov EN 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2008,11(2):349-362
The neuronal activity in the rabbit's visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus was investigated in responses to 8 color stimuli changes in pairs. This activity consisted of phasic responses (50-90 and 130-300 Ms after stimuli changes) and tonic response (after 300 Ms). The phasic responses used as a basis for the matrices (8 x 8) constructed for each neuron included the average of spikes/sec in responses to all stimuli changes. All matrices were treated by factor analysis and the basic axes of sensory spaces were revealed. Sensory spaces reconstructed from neuronal spike discharges had a two-dimensional (with brightness and darkness axes) or four-dimensional (with two color and two achromatic axes) structure. Thus it allowed us to split neurons into groups measuring only brightness differences and the measuring of color and brightness differences between stimuli. The tonic component of most of the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus showed linear correlation with changes in intensities; therefore, these neurons could be characterized as pre-detectors for cortical selective detectors. The neuronal spaces demonstrated a coincidence with spaces revealed by other methods. This fact may reflect the general principle of vector coding (Sokolov, 2000) of sensory information in the visual system. 相似文献
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We tested the ability of the mature visual system for discrimination between types of elliptic biological motion on the basis of event kinematics. Healthy adult volunteers were presented with point-light displays depicting elliptic motion when only a single dot, a moving point-light arm, or a whole point-light human figure was visible. The displays were created in accordance with the two-thirds power kinematic law (natural motion), whereas the control displays violated this principle (unnatural motion). On each trial, participants judged whether the display represented natural or unnatural motion. The findings indicate that adults are highly sensitive to violation of the two-thirds power kinematic law. Notably, participants can easily discriminate between natural and unnatural motions without recognising the stimuli, which suggests that people implicitly use kinematic information. Most intriguing, event recognition seems to diminish the capacity to judge whether event kinematics is unnatural. We discuss possible ways for a cross-talk between perception and production of biological movement, and the brain mechanisms involved in biological motion processing. 相似文献
30.
Perception of intentions and dispositions of others is an essential ingredient of adaptive daily-life social behaviour. Dynamics of moving images leads to veridical perception of social attributes. Anecdotal observations in art, science, and popular culture indicate that dynamic imbalance can be revealed in static images. Here, we ask whether perceived dynamics of abstract figures is related to emotional attribution. Participants first estimated instability of geometric shapes rotated in 15 degrees steps in the image plane, and then rated the intensity of basic emotions that can be ascribed to the figures. We found no substantial link between the deviation of the figures from the vertical orientation and perceived instability. Irrespective of shape, a strong positive correlation was found between negative emotions and perceived instability. By contrast, positive emotions were inversely linked with deviation of the figure from vertical orientation. The work demonstrates for the first time that dynamics conveyed by static images enables specific emotional attributions, and agrees well with the assumption that neural networks for production of movements and understanding the dispositions of others are intimately linked. The findings are also of importance for exploring the ability to reveal social properties through dynamics in normal and abnormal development, for example in patients with early brain injury or autistic spectrum disorders. 相似文献