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971.
Letter series and number series tests, consisting of items based on identical rules, were administered in a counterbalanced
design to 58 persons (46 women and 12 men) between the ages of 61 and 88 years to determine their relative efficacy (relative
difficulty and acceptability) as measures of inductive/deductive reasoning ability. Results indicated that letter and number
series tests, in which each item in one has a same-rule counterpart in the other, were not equivalent in regard to their relative
difficulty or popularity among the elderly. The number series test was significantly (p 0001) easier and more popular than
its letter series counterpart. Some of the implications of these findings for assessing reasoning ability in the elderly were
specified. 相似文献
972.
Jeffrey W Gilger Bruce F Pennington Ronald J Harbeck John C DeFries Brian Kotzin Phyllis Green Shelley Smith 《Brain and cognition》1998,36(3):310-333
We conducted a study of the association between developmental reading disability (DRD) and immune disorders (ID) using both survey and immunoassay data in two separate samples of families. One sample was made up of twins and their parents and was ascertained through a population-based sampling scheme. The other sample was a set of extended pedigrees selected for apparent autosomal dominant transmission of DRD. We failed to find an association between DRD and ID in either sample, regardless of the method used to assess immune system function. Even though our twin sample provided evidence that both DRD and immune conditions were significantly heritable, there was no evidence for a genetic correlation between ID and DRD nor was there any clear indication that a special subgroup of individuals may be comorbid for these conditions because of genetic reasons. How these negative findings can be reconciled with the developmental hypothesis of Geschwind, Behan, Galaburda, and colleagues, and how they may relate to the gene locus influencing DRD that has been recently located in the HLA region of the short arm of chromosome 6 is discussed. 相似文献
973.
Habitual Prospective Memory and Aging: Remembering Intentions and Forgetting Actions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gilles O. Einstein Mark A. McDaniel Rebekah E. Smith & Pat Shaw 《Psychological science》1998,9(4):284-289
Routine or habitual prospective memory tasks (e.g., taking medication) have the potential for creating confusions regarding whether or not an action has already been performed. We developed a laboratory paradigm for examining the kinds of processes thought to be operating in these kinds of tasks. Younger and older participants were asked to perform an action once and only once on each of 11 trials. The results showed that age and divided attention contributed to both omission and repetition errors. This new paradigm reveals memory failures in a habitual prospective memory task, and the results demonstrate that older adults are particularly susceptible to these memory problems. 相似文献
974.
H. David Smith Mark F. Stasson William G. Hawkes 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1998,17(4):333-345
Judgments about others are often based on information that varies in terms of its diagnosticity or usefulness in predicting
a certain outcome. Previous studies have demonstrated a “dilution effect” in which the addition of nondiagnostic or irrelevant
information yields less extreme judgments than those based solely on diagnostic information. Two studies investigated the
dilution effect in a juror decision making context in which no midpoint of a scale was provided by researchers. Study 1 examined
the inclusion of positive, negative, or neutral character information in a criminal case and found that this nondiagnostic
information affected attitude toward the defendant but did not “dilute” guilt judgments. The cases in Study 1 contained a
larger amount of diagnostic information than studies that demonstrated the dilution effect. Thus, the amount of diagnostic
evidence provided was varied in Study 2, and the results showed “diluted” judgments only when a small amount of diagnostic
information was presented. Limitations to the dilution effect were discussed. 相似文献
975.
Letter series and number series tests, consisting of items based on identical rules, were administered in a counterbalanced
design to 58 persons (46 women and 12 men) between the ages of 61 and 88 years to determine their relative efficacy (relative
difficulty and acceptability) as measures of inductive/deductive reasoning ability. Results indicated that letter and number
series tests, in which each item in one has a same-rule counterpart in the other, were not equivalent in regard to their relative
difficulty or popularity among the elderly. The number series test was significantly (p 0001) easier and more popular than
its letter series counterpart. Some of the implications of these findings for assessing reasoning ability in the elderly were
specified. 相似文献
976.
John Grimes Robin Rinehart Hillary Rodrigues John M Koller Elaine Craddock Ludo Rocher Will Sweetman Boyd H Wilson Edward C Dimock Thomas Forsthoefel Hal W French Timothy C Cahill William J Jackson John Powers Frederick M Smith Gavin Flood Lelah Dushkin Sheila McDonough Frank J Hoffman Karni Pal Bhati Anne E Monius Fred Dallmayr Marcia Hermansen Joseph A Bracken Carl Olson William P Harman Donatella Rossi Anna B Bigelow Jeffrey J. Kripal 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》1998,2(2):267-310
977.
K.B. Clark D.C. Smith D.L. Hassert R.A. Browning D.K. Naritoku R.A. Jensen 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》1998,70(3):364-373
Peripherally administered or released substances that modulate memory storage, but do not freely enter the brain, may produce their effects on memory by activating peripheral receptors that send messages centrally through the vagus nerve. Indeed, vagus nerve stimulation enhances memory performance, although it is unclear whether this effect is due to the activation of vagal afferents or efferents. To eliminate the possible influence of descending fibers on memory storage processes, rats were implanted with cuff electrode/catheter systems along the left cervical vagus. Forty-eight hours following surgery, each animal received a 3.0-μl infusion (1.0 μl/min) of either lidocaine hydrochloride (75.0 mM) or isotonic saline below the point of stimulation. Animals were then trained 10 min later on an inhibitory-avoidance task with a 0.75-mA, 1.0-s foot shock. Sham stimulation or vagus nerve stimulation (0.5-ms biphasic pulses; 20.0 Hz; 30 s; 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mA) was administered immediately after training. Memory, tested 24 h later, was enhanced by stimulation whether descending vagus nerve fibers were inactivated or not. Both lidocaine- and saline-infused groups showed an intensity-dependent, inverted-U-shaped pattern of retention performance, with the greatest effect observed for 0.4 mA (U= 9,p< .05, andU= 7,p< .01, respectively). Additionally, animals that received lidocaine infusions, but no vagus nerve stimulation, showed impaired memory compared to the performance of saline-infused control animals (U= 11,p< .05). Together, these findings suggest that vagal afferents carry messages about peripheral states that lead to the modulation of memory storage and that the memory-enhancing effect produced by vagus nerve stimulation is not mediated via the activation of vagal efferents. 相似文献
978.
Cowdin and Tuohey argue for a rethinking of Catholic bioethical principles and the Church's moral authority. Citing the Second Vatican Council for support, they argue that if the Church were to respect the proper autonomy of medicine, it would allow sterilizations. In this essay I argue against Cowdin and Tuohey's understanding that the Church has derived its moral laws independent of consultation with medicine and that it treats medicine simply as a source of technical expertise. I also argue that they misunderstand that nature of autonomy as well as the Church's position regarding the type of autonomy they request for medicine. I will especially argue against their understanding of the principles of totality and double effect as "dispensations" from the moral order. I conclude that they have provided no grounds to cause the Church to reconsider its condemnation of all sterilizations. 相似文献
979.
Jennifer R. Zarcone Brian A. Iwata Richard G. Smith Jodi L. Mazaleski Dorothea C. Lerman 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1994,27(2):307-316
Based on results of a functional analysis indicating that the self-injurious behavior (SIB) of 3 individuals was maintained by negative reinforcement (escape from instructional situations), the effects of stimulus (instructional) fading were evaluated in a multiple baseline design across subjects. The rate of instructions was reduced to zero at the beginning of treatment and was gradually increased (faded in) across sessions as long as SIB remained low. However, if SIB remained high for 10 consecutive sessions, extinction was implemented until SIB decreased, at which point extinction was withdrawn and fading was resumed. Treatment was completed when the rate of instructions was the same as in baseline (two per minute), and SIB remained below 0.5 responses per minute for two consecutive sessions. Results showed that instructional fading (without extinction) virtually eliminated SIB initially, but these effects were not maintained. All 3 subjects required multiple exposures to extinction and over 150 treatment sessions in order to meet the end-of-treatment criteria. Advantages and limitations of fading procedures without an extinction component, as well as extensions of both interventions to other clinical problems, are discussed. 相似文献