Odor Semantics and Visual Cues: What We Smell Impacts Where We Look,What We Remember,and What We Want to Buy

The current research uses eye‐tracking technology in a consumer context to explore the interactive effects of olfactory and visual cues on consumers' eye gaze patterns. We manipulate the semantic correspondence between pictorial objects depicted in print advertisements and odors smelled (or not) while looking at the ads. The results indicate that smelling a scent that shares learned semantic associations with an object in the advertisement diverts consumers' eye gazes to the semantically related object in the ad, with positive downstream effects on advertising recall and purchase intent. This is the first study we are aware of demonstrating multisensory integration of odors and pictures on consumer eye gaze patterns with clear implications for consumer choice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Running in fear: an investigation into the dimensional account of emotion in discriminating emotional expressions

Emotion can be conceptualized by the dimensional account of emotion with the dimensions of valence and arousal. There is little discussion of the difference in discriminability across the dimensions. The present study hypothesized that any pair of emotional expressions differing in the polarity of both valence and arousal dimensions would be easier to distinguish than a pair differing in only one dimension. The results indicate that the difference in the dimensions did not affect participants’ reaction time. Most pairs of emotional expressions, except those involving fear, were similarly discriminative. Reaction times to pairs with a fearful expression were faster than to those without. The fast reaction time to fearful facial expressions underscores the survival value of emotions.     

The Walter Reed palm-held psychomotor vigilance test

This field-portable reaction time test and analysis software run on devices using the Palm operating system. It is designed to emulate a test and commercial device widely used in sleep deprivation, shift work, fatigue, and stimulant drug research but provides additional capabilities. Experimental comparisons with the standard commercial device in a 40-hour total sleep deprivation study show it to be comparably sensitive to selected experimental variables. A Pocket PC-compatible version is under developement.     

Use of nature in a multi-family therapy for Chinese families of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A photo-elicitation study

This article reports the therapeutic resources in the natural outdoors that were conducive to the therapeutic process in a multi-family therapy (MFT) for enhancing the self-efficacy and collective family efficacy of Chinese families of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Hong Kong. Photo-elicited interviews with adolescents with ADHD and parent focus groups were employed to explore the participatory experiences of the families. A total of thirteen Chinese families of adolescents (aged 11–15 years) with ADHD participated in this study (fourteen adolescents with ADHD, eight fathers and ten mothers). The present study explored the potential therapeutic resources in the natural outdoors, namely a change in the group environment, spaciousness and darkness. The use of the natural outdoors in MFT proved to be a strategy useful for creating a naturalistic group setting within which family participants can more easily enact changes.     

Sex role orientation and domains of self-esteem

The relation of sex role orientation to self-esteem was more closely examined by the inclusion of five distinct self-esteem domains in this study of Chinese adolescents. Analysis of variance showed that the masculine and androgynous groups were superior in academic, appearance, and general self-esteem than the feminine and undifferentiated groups. The former two groups were also higher in physical ability self-esteem than the feminine group. The superiority of the androgynous group was noted in the domain of social self-esteem too. Results of multiple regression were in general supportive of the masculinity model in that masculinity was most strongly associated with self-esteem, whereas the effect of femininity was much less evident. Analyses also showed that for males, femininity was related to academic, appearance, and general self-esteem, whereas for females, femininity was found somewhat related to social self-esteem. Results of this study were discussed in terms of the agentic and expressive qualities of different sex role and self-esteem domains.The very capable assistance in data analysis by Kit Yi Wong is gratefully acknowledged.     

校园排斥对初中生内外化问题的影响:同伴关系与核心自我评价的中介作用

该研究探讨了校园排斥和初中生内外化问题的关系,结合资源保存理论,进一步考察同伴关系（条件性资源）与核心自我评价（人格特质资源）对该效应的链式中介作用。采用青少年校园现实受排斥量表、同伴关系量表、核心自我评价量表、焦虑抑郁量表和外化行为倾向量表,对辽宁省2所中学540名初中生进行调查。结果表明：（1）校园排斥对于初中生的内化及外化问题均具有正向预测作用;（2）同伴关系、核心自我评价在校园排斥与内化问题中起完全中介作用,而在校园排斥与外化问题中起部分中介作用。具体而言,校园排斥通过三条路径影响内外化问题：一是同伴关系的单独中介作用;二是核心自我评价的单独中介作用;三是同伴关系—核心自我评价的链式中介作用。     

社会认知的神经基础

人类的社会技能高于其它任何动物,能够形成对社会环境的高级表征,并能利用这些表征进行十分灵活的推理判断。但是社会认知的神经基础目前仍不十分明了。来自于人类和其它灵长类动物的研究已经发现有一些脑结构（如杏仁核、前额叶、颞上沟、扣带前回等）在社会认知中起着特殊重要的作用。此外,越来越多的研究表明其它一些脑区结构（如右侧躯体体感区、岛叶、基底节、白质等）也共同参与社会认知加工过程。文章对近年来关于社会认知的神经基础研究做了较为详细的综述。