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211.
Susan M. Moore Elizabeth A. Hardie Naomi J. Hackworth Christine R. Critchley Michael Kyrios Simone A. Buzwell 《Psychology & health》2013,28(4):485-499
This study was a randomised control trial with a waiting control group. It was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-month, group-based diabetes prevention programme, The Healthy Living Course and assess whether participation in the programme led to changes in modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes among an already at-risk pre-diabetic population. Individuals designated at risk for diabetes by their general practitioners (GPs) were screened using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Volunteers (N?=?307) with pre-diabetes were assigned to an intervention or wait-control group in the ratio of approximately 2?:?1. The sample was pre-tested on biochemical, anthropometric and self-report behavioural, cognitive and mood variables and post-tested either at the end of the educational/support-based lifestyle programme or the end of the wait period. The intervention group significantly improved their diabetes knowledge, motivation to change, positive affect, healthy eating and activity levels and showed significantly greater reductions in weight, body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose in comparison with controls. The intervention group also changed their diagnostic status from pre-diabetes to non-diabetes at a greater rate than the wait group (43% vs. 26%) who received standard care from their GPs. 相似文献
212.
The current research examines tacit coordination behavior in a lottery selection task. Two hundred participants in each of three experiments and 100 in a fourth choose to participate in one of two lotteries, where one lottery has a larger prize than the other. Independent of variations in the complexity of the mechanism of prize allocation, the prize amounts, and whether the lottery is the participant's first or second choice, we typically find that the percentage of participants who choose the high versus low‐prize lotteries does not significantly differ from the equilibrium predictions. This coordination is achieved without communication or experience. We additionally find that participants with an analytical thinking style and a risk‐averse tendency are more likely to choose the low‐prize lottery over the high‐prize lottery. This tendency seems to be stable across choices. The pattern of our results suggests that to achieve tacit coordination, having a subset of individuals who attend to the choices of others is sufficient. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
213.
The stop signal task is widely adopted to assess motor inhibition performance in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Several recent studies explored the influence of strategic approaches to the task. In particular, response slowing seems to be a strategic approach commonly adopted to perform the task. In the present study, we compared a standard version with a strategic version of the task, in which participants were explicitly instructed to slow down responses. Results showed that the instructed slowing did not affect the main inhibition measure, thus confirming the robustness of the stop signal index. On the other hand, it apparently changed the nature of the task, as shown by the lack of correlation between the standard and the strategic versions. In addition, we found a specific influence of individual characteristics on slowing strategies. In the standard version, adherence to task instructions was positively correlated with compliant traits of personality. Despite instructions to maximize response speed, non-compliant participants preferred to adopt a slowing strategy in the standard version of the task, up to a speed level similar to the strategic version, where slowing was required by task instructions. Understanding the role of individual approach to the task seems to be crucial to properly identify how participants cope with task instructions. 相似文献
214.
Saskia de Maat Ph.D. Rien Van M.D. Ph.D. Marielle Hendriksen M.Sc. Simone Kool M.D. Ph.D. Gerda van Aalst M.D. 《Psychoanalytic Inquiry》2013,33(6):614-625
Short-Term Psychoanalytic Supportive Psychotherapy (SPSP) is a face-to-face, individual psychotherapy, consisting of sixteen sessions in six months (first eight weekly, then eight fortnightly sessions). It is rooted in psychoanalytic theory. Its primary aim is to cure depression. A secondary goal is to reduce a patient's vulnerability to depression. The emphasis is on supportive techniques that counter regression and foster psychological growth. The putative process consists in experiencing a relational dissonance, i.e., feeling two contradictory relationships in the therapeutic situation simultaneously, one determined by the past, the other by the present. We assume an important curative factor is to experience, mostly unconsciously, an adequate gratification of developmental needs inadequately met in early infancy and, therefore, manifesting themselves in the archaic aspects of the therapeutic relationship. SPSP unfolds as a discourse in which we distinguish nine levels. Each regards a specific subject, which at that level is the focus of the interaction between patient and therapist. The efficacy of SPSP in ambulatory patients presenting a DSM-IV defined, mild to moderate major depressive disorder has been tested in five randomized clinical trials. The results have been aggregated in a mega-analysis. They suggest that, in the treatment of outpatients with mild to moderate major depressive disorder, SPSP and pharmacotherapy are equally efficacious and that the combination of SPSP and pharmacotherapy is more efficacious than pharmacotherapy alone but not than SPSP alone. We, therefore, consider SPSP a valuable extension to the existing options for the treatment of depressed patients. 相似文献
215.
We directly compared recognition for faces following 0 degrees-75 degrees viewpoint rotation about the yaw, pitch, and roll axes. The aim was to determine the extent to which configural and featural information supported face recognition following rotations about each of these axes. Experiment 1 showed that performance on a sequential-matching task was viewpoint-dependent for all three types of rotation. The best face-recognition accuracy and shortest reaction time was found for roll rotations, then for yaw rotations, and finally the worst accuracy and slowest reaction time was found for pitch rotations. Directional differences in recognition were found for pitch rotations, but not for roll or yaw. Experiment 2 provided evidence that, in all three cases, viewpoint-dependent declines in recognition were primarily driven by the loss of configural information. However, it also appeared that significant featural information was lost following yaw and pitch (but not roll) rotations. Together, these findings show that unfamiliar-face recognition is viewpoint-dependent following rotation about each axis (and in each direction), and that performance is based on the availability of configural and, to a lesser extent, featural information. 相似文献
216.
The feeling of being in control of one's own actions is a strong subjective experience. However, discoveries in psychology and neuroscience challenge the validity of this experience and suggest that free will is just an illusion. This raises a question: What would happen if people started to disbelieve in free will? Previous research has shown that low control beliefs affect performance and motivation. Recently, it has been shown that undermining free-will beliefs influences social behavior. In the study reported here, we investigated whether undermining beliefs in free will affects brain correlates of voluntary motor preparation. Our results showed that the readiness potential was reduced in individuals induced to disbelieve in free will. This effect was evident more than 1 s before participants consciously decided to move, a finding that suggests that the manipulation influenced intentional actions at preconscious stages. Our findings indicate that abstract belief systems might have a much more fundamental effect than previously thought. 相似文献
217.
Sound categorisation plays a crucial role for processing ecological and social stimuli in a species’ natural environment.
To explore the discrimination and evaluation of sound stimuli in human babies and nonhuman primates, a reciprocal habituation-dishabituation
paradigm has been successfully introduced into auditory research. We applied the reciprocal paradigm for the first time to
a non-primate mammal, the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), to examine to what extent non-primate mammals share the ability to evaluate communication calls with primates. Playback
stimuli were three types of communication calls, differing distinctively in context and acoustic structure, as well as two
artificial control sounds, differing solely in frequency. We assessed the attention towards the playback stimuli by the latency
to respond to the test stimulus. Subjects evaluated pairs of communication call types as well as the artificial playback stimuli.
Attention towards the test stimuli differed significantly in strength for one pair of communication calls, with subjects dishabituating
faster to one category than the other. The comparison of a second pair of communication calls did not show significant differences.
Interestingly, subjects also evaluated the artificial control sounds. Findings are only partly in line with results on human
and non-human primates. They provided first evidence that in non-primate mammals acoustic evaluation is not solely affected
by the sound-associated context but is also linked to unusualness and acoustic cues, such as peak frequency. 相似文献
218.
Lang S Yu T Markl A Müller F Kotchoubey B 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):386-395
The human voice is one of the principal conveyers of social and affective communication. Recent neuroimaging studies have
suggested that observing pain in others activates neural representations similar to those from the first-hand experience of
pain; however, studies on pain expressions in the auditory channel are lacking. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance
imaging study to examine brain responses to emotional exclamations of others’ pain. The control condition comprised positive
(e.g., laughing) or negative (e.g., snoring) stimuli of the human voice that were not associated with pain and suffering.
Compared to these control stimuli, pain-related exclamations elicited increased activation in the superior and middle temporal
gyri, left insula, secondary somatosensory cortices, thalamus, and right cerebellum, as well as deactivation in the anterior
cingulate cortex. The left anterior insular and thalamic activations correlated significantly with the Empathic Concern subscale
of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Thus, the brain regions involved in hearing others’ pain are similar to those activated
in the empathic processing of visual stimuli. Additionally, the findings emphasise the modulating role of interindividual
differences in affective empathy. 相似文献
219.
Vanderhasselt MA Kühn S De Raedt R 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(2):207-216
Depressive brooding is considered a maladaptive ruminative-thinking style that has been shown to be highly correlated with
major depression. The present study in healthy participants employed event-related fMRI to uncover the neural underpinnings
of emotional disengagement as it relates to depressive brooding. Thirty-four healthy, never depressed individuals performed
an emotional go/no-go task with a rapid presentation of emotional faces. We focused on the contrast of inhibiting sad (happy/no-go)
versus inhibiting happy (sad/no-go) information. This contrast allowed us to assess possible difficulties in disengaging from
emotionally negative, as compared with emotionally positive, faces. At the behavioral level, only in high brooders were higher
self-reported brooding scores correlated with more errors when sad information was inhibited, relative to happy information.
At the neural level, across all participants, brooding scores were positively correlated with activity in the right dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; BA 46), implying that high brooders show higher DLPFC involvement when successfully disengaging
from a series of negative stimuli. These results may suggest that healthy individuals who report a high brooding thinking
style need to recruit more attentional control in order to disengage successfully from negative information, in a way that
may be related to emotion regulation strategies. These mechanisms might protect them from developing depressive symptoms. 相似文献
220.
Hagemann N Schorer J Cañal-Bruland R Lotz S Strauss B 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(8):2204-2214
The present study examined whether results of athletes' eye movements while they observe fencing attacks reflect their actual information pickup by comparing these results with others gained with temporal and spatial occlusion and cuing techniques. Fifteen top-ranking expert fencers, 15 advanced fencers, and 32 sport students predicted the target region of 405 fencing attacks on a computer monitor. Results of eye movement recordings showed a stronger foveal fixation on the opponent's trunk and weapon in the two fencer groups. Top-ranking expert fencers fixated particularly on the upper trunk. This matched their performance decrements in the spatial occlusion condition. However, when the upper trunk was occluded, participants also shifted eye movements to neighboring body regions. Adding cues to the video material had no positive effects on prediction performance. We conclude that gaze behavior does not necessarily represent information pickup, but that studies applying the spatial occlusion paradigm should also register eye movements to avoid underestimating the information contributed by occluded regions. 相似文献