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Brigadoi Sabrina Basso Moro Sara Falchi Roberta Cutini Simone Dell’Acqua Roberto 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2018,25(6):2267-2273
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Experimental designs used to describe psychological effects on overt human behavior are seldom suited to localize their corresponding neural substrates based on... 相似文献
205.
The article investigates the sociocultural implications of the changing modern workplace and of pharmacological cognitive enhancement (PCE) as a potential adaptive tool from the viewpoint of social niche construction. We will attempt to elucidate some of the sociocultural and technological trends that drive and influence the characteristics of this specific niche, and especially to identify the kind of capabilities and adaptations that are being promoted, and to ascertain the capabilities and potentialities that might become diminished as a result. In this context, we will examine what PCE is, and how and why it might be desirable as a tool for adaptation within the workplace. As human beings are, or at least should be allowed to be, more than merely productive, able-bodied and able-minded workers, we will further examine how adaptation to the workplace niche could result in problems in other domains of modern societal life that require the same or other cognitive capabilities. In this context we will also focus on the concept of responsibility and how it pertains to PCE and the modern workplace niche. This will shed some light on the kind of trends related to workplace niche construction, PCE and capability promotion that we can expect in the future, and on the contexts in which this might be either beneficial or detrimental to the individual as a well-rounded human being, and to other members of society. 相似文献
206.
Simone A. de Roos Siebren Miedema & Jurjen Iedema 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2001,40(4):607-618
An attachment theoretical model of individual differences in God concepts among kindergarteners was tested. Subjects were 72 kindergarteners (mean age 63 months) from two elementary schools. Children's concepts of self, other, and God were measured using structured questionnaires. A questionnaire and an incomplete doll story procedure were used to tap the quality of the teacher-child and mother-child relationship. The model was partly supported. Contrary to our expectations, a punishing concept of God was not related to any of the independent variables. However, in line with the model, harmony and closeness in the teacher-child relationship predicted a loving God concept and this association was explained by children's working models of self. Working models of others predicted a loving God concept. Although the child's representation of the mother-child attachment relationship was significantly connected to the teacher-child relationship, it was not predictive of the concept of God. 相似文献
207.
Sound categorisation plays a crucial role for processing ecological and social stimuli in a species’ natural environment.
To explore the discrimination and evaluation of sound stimuli in human babies and nonhuman primates, a reciprocal habituation-dishabituation
paradigm has been successfully introduced into auditory research. We applied the reciprocal paradigm for the first time to
a non-primate mammal, the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), to examine to what extent non-primate mammals share the ability to evaluate communication calls with primates. Playback
stimuli were three types of communication calls, differing distinctively in context and acoustic structure, as well as two
artificial control sounds, differing solely in frequency. We assessed the attention towards the playback stimuli by the latency
to respond to the test stimulus. Subjects evaluated pairs of communication call types as well as the artificial playback stimuli.
Attention towards the test stimuli differed significantly in strength for one pair of communication calls, with subjects dishabituating
faster to one category than the other. The comparison of a second pair of communication calls did not show significant differences.
Interestingly, subjects also evaluated the artificial control sounds. Findings are only partly in line with results on human
and non-human primates. They provided first evidence that in non-primate mammals acoustic evaluation is not solely affected
by the sound-associated context but is also linked to unusualness and acoustic cues, such as peak frequency. 相似文献
208.
Lang S Yu T Markl A Müller F Kotchoubey B 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):386-395
The human voice is one of the principal conveyers of social and affective communication. Recent neuroimaging studies have
suggested that observing pain in others activates neural representations similar to those from the first-hand experience of
pain; however, studies on pain expressions in the auditory channel are lacking. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance
imaging study to examine brain responses to emotional exclamations of others’ pain. The control condition comprised positive
(e.g., laughing) or negative (e.g., snoring) stimuli of the human voice that were not associated with pain and suffering.
Compared to these control stimuli, pain-related exclamations elicited increased activation in the superior and middle temporal
gyri, left insula, secondary somatosensory cortices, thalamus, and right cerebellum, as well as deactivation in the anterior
cingulate cortex. The left anterior insular and thalamic activations correlated significantly with the Empathic Concern subscale
of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Thus, the brain regions involved in hearing others’ pain are similar to those activated
in the empathic processing of visual stimuli. Additionally, the findings emphasise the modulating role of interindividual
differences in affective empathy. 相似文献
209.
Vanderhasselt MA Kühn S De Raedt R 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(2):207-216
Depressive brooding is considered a maladaptive ruminative-thinking style that has been shown to be highly correlated with
major depression. The present study in healthy participants employed event-related fMRI to uncover the neural underpinnings
of emotional disengagement as it relates to depressive brooding. Thirty-four healthy, never depressed individuals performed
an emotional go/no-go task with a rapid presentation of emotional faces. We focused on the contrast of inhibiting sad (happy/no-go)
versus inhibiting happy (sad/no-go) information. This contrast allowed us to assess possible difficulties in disengaging from
emotionally negative, as compared with emotionally positive, faces. At the behavioral level, only in high brooders were higher
self-reported brooding scores correlated with more errors when sad information was inhibited, relative to happy information.
At the neural level, across all participants, brooding scores were positively correlated with activity in the right dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; BA 46), implying that high brooders show higher DLPFC involvement when successfully disengaging
from a series of negative stimuli. These results may suggest that healthy individuals who report a high brooding thinking
style need to recruit more attentional control in order to disengage successfully from negative information, in a way that
may be related to emotion regulation strategies. These mechanisms might protect them from developing depressive symptoms. 相似文献
210.
We directly compared recognition for faces following 0 degrees-75 degrees viewpoint rotation about the yaw, pitch, and roll axes. The aim was to determine the extent to which configural and featural information supported face recognition following rotations about each of these axes. Experiment 1 showed that performance on a sequential-matching task was viewpoint-dependent for all three types of rotation. The best face-recognition accuracy and shortest reaction time was found for roll rotations, then for yaw rotations, and finally the worst accuracy and slowest reaction time was found for pitch rotations. Directional differences in recognition were found for pitch rotations, but not for roll or yaw. Experiment 2 provided evidence that, in all three cases, viewpoint-dependent declines in recognition were primarily driven by the loss of configural information. However, it also appeared that significant featural information was lost following yaw and pitch (but not roll) rotations. Together, these findings show that unfamiliar-face recognition is viewpoint-dependent following rotation about each axis (and in each direction), and that performance is based on the availability of configural and, to a lesser extent, featural information. 相似文献