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51.
We test a metacognitive account of why larger choice sets often lead to greater regret, proposing that people apply the lay theory that “a quick choice is a bad choice” when evaluating how well they have chosen. Because people often operate under time pressure, larger sets are likely to entail a more cursory selection process than smaller sets, generating a feeling of having rushed the evaluation of the alternatives and heightened regret. Four studies show that choice-set size does not influence participants' regret when they believe that they had enough time to choose, that the subjective feeling of being rushed accounts for greater regret when choosing from larger sets, and that changing people's lay theories about choosing quickly eliminates regret. 相似文献
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Riva Crugnola C Tambelli R Spinelli M Gazzotti S Caprin C Albizzati A 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(1):136-151
With the aim of studying the relationship between methods of emotion regulation and quality of attachment we examined 39 infants with different patterns of attachment, of whom 20 were classified as secure (B), 12 as avoidant (A) and 7 as resistant (C), assessing the regulatory strategies adopted by them during the Strange Situation at 13 months. Secure infants used strategies of positive social engagement more than insecure avoidant infants, while resistant infants displayed greater negative social engagement and less object orientation than the other two groups. Avoidant infants adopted positive and negative hetero-regulatory strategies less than the other groups, also differing from resistant infants in their greater use of object regulatory strategies. There were no significant differences as regards self-comforting regulation. Thus, the findings showed how the most significant differences to emerge between the groups concerned hetero-regulatory strategies, developed by the infant in interaction with attachment figures, and regulatory strategies oriented towards objects. Further analysis showed how the use by part of each attachment group of the emotion regulation strategies varies, differentiating the episodes of the SSP according to their level of stress. 相似文献
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Maggie L. Chow Simona M. Brambati Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini Bruce L. Miller Julene K. Johnson 《Brain and cognition》2010
Modern cognitive neuroscientific theories and empirical evidence suggest that brain structures involved in movement may be related to action-related semantic knowledge. To test this hypothesis, we examined the naming of environmental sounds in patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), two neurodegenerative diseases associated with cognitive and motor deficits. Subjects were presented with 56 environmental sounds: 28 sounds were of objects that required manipulation when producing the sound, and 28 sounds were of objects that required no manipulation. Subjects were asked to provide the name of the object that produced the sound and also complete a sound-picture matching condition. Subjects included 33 individuals from four groups: CBD/PSP, Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, and normal controls. We hypothesized that CBD/PSP patients would exhibit impaired naming performance compared with controls, but the impairment would be most apparent when naming sounds associated with actions. We also explored neural correlates of naming environmental sounds using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) of brain MRI. As expected, CBD/PSP patients scored lower on environmental sounds naming (p < 0.007) compared with the controls. In particular, the CBD/PSP patients scored the lowest when naming sounds of manipulable objects (p < 0.05), but did not show deficits in naming sounds of non-manipulable objects. VBM analysis across all groups showed that performance in naming sounds of manipulable objects correlated with atrophy in the left pre-motor region, extending from area six to the middle and superior frontal gyrus. These results indicate an association between impairment in the retrieval of action-related names and the motor system, and suggest that difficulty in naming manipulable sounds may be related to atrophy in the pre-motor cortex. Our results support the hypothesis that retrieval of action-related semantic knowledge involves motor regions in the brain. 相似文献
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The relationship between self‐evaluation of sense of direction, mental rotation, and performance in map learning and pointing tasks has been investigated in a life‐span perspective. Study 1 compared younger and older people in the Mental Rotation Test (MRT) and on the Sense of Direction and Spatial Representation (SDSR) Scale. Older people achieved higher scores on the SDSR Scale, but a lower performance in MRT compared with younger participants. In Study 2, groups of younger and older adults, one of each, were matched in the MRT, and pointing tasks in aligned and counter‐aligned perspectives were administered. Our results showed that, when so matched, older participants performed better than the younger counterparts in perspective‐taking tasks, but their performance was worse in map learning. Aligned pointing was performed better than the counter‐aligned task in both age groups, showing an alignment effect. Furthermore the performance in the counter‐aligned pointing was significantly correlated with MRT scores. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Simona Ghetti 《Current directions in psychological science》2008,17(1):16-20
ABSTRACT— Knowing how to identify events that we never experienced is an important skill: This ability enables us to reject such events as part of our past and thus reduces the risk of creating false memories. Recent research highlights the involvement of metamemory processes in this domain. I review empirical evidence pertaining to the functioning and development of the memorability-based strategy, a specific mechanism rooted in metamemory. The substantial development of this mechanism during childhood can provide an account for children's vulnerability to false-memory formation. 相似文献
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Simona Argentieri Bondi 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2002,18(2):101-116
Zusammenfassung. Die Autorin stellt einige überlegungen bezüglich einer arglistigen, sch?dlichen und, ihrem Eindruck nach, heutzutage weit
verbreiteten Pathologie vor, die sich von F?llen entschiedener klinischer H?rte bis zu anderen an der Grenze der Normalit?t,
erstreckt. Sie verwendet von Beginn an den Terminus der Unaufrichtigkeit (italienisch: malafede; spanisch: mala fe’), den sie von Madeleine Baranger entlehnt, wobei sie betont, dass er der Bedeutung der von ihr vorgestellten St?rung nur
ann?herungsweise entspricht. Ausgangspunkt für ihre überlegungen bildeten Behandlungsschwierigkeiten mit Patienten, die stark
widersprüchliche Aspekte in sich vereinigten, ohne Anzeichen von Konfliktualit?t oder Unbehagen zu manifestieren. Diese Besonderheit
tritt vor allem bezüglich moralischer Fragestellungen in Erscheinung, bezüglich abstrakter Moralvorstellungen oder Ideologien,
die von einigen Patienten in scharfem Kontrast zu ihrem Verhalten und ihren Gefühlen verkündet werden.
Dishonesty as a neurosis and as a crime
Summary. In this essay, reflections about a malicious and in the view of the author nowadays wide-spread pathology are presented. It occurs in a large variety of forms from serious clinical disturbances to almost-normality. The author designates this pathology by the term „dishonesty”, a term borrowed from Madeleine Baranger, emphasizing however, that it is merely an approximation to the presented disorder. The starting-point for her reflections were the difficulties she has experienced with patients having strongly contradictory aspects in their personality without the slightest sign of conflict or uneasiness. This peculiarity manifested itself first of all in moral questions as a contradiction between the abstract moral concepts and ideologies and the behaviour and emotions of the patient.相似文献
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The perception of groups as real entities rather than mere aggregates of individuals has important consequences on intergroup relations. Social psychological research, in fact, shows that it affects stereotyping, identification process, and intergroup bias. Previous research has also shown that group entitativity is not a positive or negative group attribute per se; rather, it depends on the context and the relationship between the perceiver and the group. While enhancing entitativity leads to worse expectations about the out‐group actions, high entitativity is a valued characteristic when associated with an ally or with the in‐group. Indeed, enhancing in‐group entitativity leads to stronger in‐group identification. The specific reasons for why this is the case, however, remain to be ascertained. What is good about in‐group entitativity? In the present contribution we propose that in‐group entitativity may lead to perceive the group as a real entity provided with intentions and capacity for planned actions, notably ensuring the safety of its members by protecting them against external threats. We report two correlational studies conducted with American citizens (Study 1) and Italian citizens (Study 2), showing that in‐group entitativity is associated with a higher level of identification, attribution of intentionality, and perceived security provided by the in‐group. These findings were replicated in a third study—conducted with a role‐play method on a fictitious scenario—in which entitativity was manipulated rather than measured. Study 3 also shows that artificially increasing the perception of in‐group entitativity enhances perceived safety in an international context and reduces the perception of threat from an out‐group. Findings are discussed in terms of possible implications for intergroup and international relations. 相似文献