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81.
Hierarchical (or multilevel) statistical models have become increasingly popular in psychology in the last few years. In this article, we consider the application of multilevel modeling to the ex-Gaussian, a popular model of response times. We compare single-level and hierarchical methods for estimation of the parameters of ex-Gaussian distributions. In addition, for each approach, we compare maximum likelihood estimation with Bayesian estimation. A set of simulations and analyses of parameter recovery show that although all methods perform adequately well, hierarchical methods are better able to recover the parameters of the ex-Gaussian, by reducing variability in the recovered parameters. At each level, little overall difference was observed between the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. 相似文献
82.
Simon Lloyd D. Restubog Prashant Bordia Sarbari Bordia 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(2):165-178
Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the combined interactive effects of a situational variable (procedural justice) and
a dispositional (equity sensitivity) variable on the relationship between breach and employee outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from 403 full-time employees representing a wide variety of business sectors in the Philippines. Supervisors
were requested to provide an assessment of their subordinate’s civic virtue behavior.
Findings Results showed that equity sensitivity and breach interacted in predicting affective commitment. The negative relationship
between breach and affective commitment was stronger for employees with an input-focused approach to organizational relationships
(referred to as benevolents) than for those with an outcome-focused approach (referred to as entitleds). Results also indicated
a stronger negative relationship between contract breach and civic virtue behavior under conditions of high procedural justice.
Finally, a three-way interaction was found between contract breach, procedural justice and equity sensitivity in predicting
affective commitment.
Implications Our findings provide a new insight suggesting that worse outcomes are to be anticipated especially if employees have an expectation
that procedural justice can prevent any form of contract breach. In addition, although previous research has portrayed benevolents
as more accepting of situations of u under-reward, this study has demonstrated that they too have their limits or threshold
for under-reward situations.
Originality/value This research suggests that the type and intensity of one’s reactions to psychological contract breach is influenced by interactive
forces of the individual’s disposition and the organizational procedures.
A portion of this paper was presented at the 64th annual meeting of the academy of management meeting, New Orleans, USA, August,
2004. 相似文献
83.
Forstmeier S Maercker A Maier W van den Bussche H Riedel-Heller S Kaduszkiewicz H Pentzek M Weyerer S Bickel H Tebarth F Luppa M Wollny A Wiese B Wagner M;AgeCoDe Study Group 《Psychology and aging》2012,27(2):353-363
Midlife motivational abilities, that is, skills to initiate and persevere in the implementation of goals, have been related to mental and physical health, but their association with risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yet been directly investigated. This relation was examined with data from the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe). A total of 3,327 nondemented participants (50.3% of a randomly selected sample) aged 75-89 years were recruited in primary care and followed up twice (after 1.5 and 3 years). Motivation-related occupational abilities were estimated on the basis of the main occupation (assessed at follow-up II) using the Occupational Information Network (O* NET) database, which provides detailed information on worker characteristics and abilities. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the relative risk of developing MCI and AD in relation to motivation-related occupational abilities, adjusting for various covariates. Over the 3 years of follow-up, 15.2% participants developed MCI and 3.0% developed AD. In a fully adjusted model, motivation-related occupational abilities were found to be associated with a reduced risk of MCI (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64-0.92). Motivation-related occupational abilities were associated with reduced risk of AD in ApoE ε4 carriers (HR: 0.48; CI: 0.25-0.91), but not in noncarriers (HR: 0.99; CI: 0.65-1.53). These results suggest that midlife motivational abilities are associated with reduced risk of MCI in general and with reduced risk of AD in ApoE ε4 carriers. Revealing the mechanisms underlying this association may inform novel prevention strategies for decelerating cognitive decline in old age. 相似文献
84.
Shen D Liversedge SP Tian J Zang C Cui L Bai X Yan G Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2012,18(2):192-202
The effect of spacing in relation to word segmentation was examined for four groups of non-native Chinese speakers (American, Korean, Japanese, and Thai) who were learning Chinese as second language. Chinese sentences with four types of spacing information were used: unspaced text, word-spaced text, character-spaced text, and nonword-spaced text. Also, participants' native languages were different in terms of their basic characteristics: English and Korean are spaced, whereas the other two are unspaced; Japanese is character based whereas the other three are alphabetic. Thus, we assessed whether any spacing effects were modulated by native language characteristics. Eye movement measures showed least disruption to reading for word-spaced text and longer reading times for unspaced than character-spaced text, with nonword-spaced text yielding the most disruption. These effects were uninfluenced by native language (though reading times differed between groups as a result of Chinese reading experience). Demarcation of word boundaries through spacing reduces non-native readers' uncertainty about the characters that constitute a word, thereby speeding lexical identification, and in turn, reading. More generally, the results indicate that words have psychological reality for those who are learning to read Chinese as a second language, and that segmentation of text into words is more beneficial to successful comprehension than is separating individual Chinese characters with spaces. 相似文献
85.
86.
Two studies were conducted in which student participants gave overall hedonic evaluations of past relationships or their high school days, and, additionally, gave similar evaluations of the best, most memorable, worst, initial, and final moments from them. They also evaluated a typical moment and the percentages of good and bad times in these experiences. Such results from some individuals were given to other participants, who were also asked to make overall evaluations. Overall, the overall evaluations of the original participant related weakly rather than strongly to the evaluations of the specific moments. Generally, the other participants’ overall evaluations converged on those of the original recalling participants, but their overall evaluations of the past relationships were more positive than either their own initial evaluations or those of the original, recalling respondents. In sum, overall evaluations of these long, diverse experiences were not well predicted from valuations of the specific moments we investigated. Hedonic evaluations of past experiences may be influenced by appraisals of their success. 相似文献
87.
Clara E. Hill Dorli B. Satterwhite Maria L. Larrimore Aliya R. Mann Victoria C. Johnson Rachel E. Simon Alexandra C. Simpson Sarah Knox 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2012,12(1):13-24
Design: Interviews about attitudes about psychotherapy with 12 undergraduate students who had never been in psychotherapy were analysed using consensual qualitative research. Results: Participants believed that the client role is to disclose, be receptive, and be motivated; that the therapist role is to listen, support, and give advice; and that the therapeutic relationship should be close and personal. Participants had ideas about the benefits (a healing therapeutic relationship, personal and interpersonal changes) and the barriers (self‐stigma and public stigma, difficulty revealing, need to solve problems on own, cost) associated with seeking therapy, and they disliked the idea of being diagnosed. In contrast with participants who were securely attached, those who were insecurely attached more often wanted a professional therapeutic relationship, wanted the therapist to ask questions, mentioned fewer benefits to therapy, and thought that they would have difficulty disclosing to a therapist. Discussion: Implications for changing attitudes about psychotherapy and improving training programs for practitioners are discussed. 相似文献
88.
Simon M. Laham Peter Koval Adam L. Alter 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(3):752-756
Names are rich sources of information. They can signal gender, ethnicity, or class; they may connote personality characteristics ranging from warmth and cheerfulness to morality. But names also differ in a much more fundamental way: some are simply easier to pronounce than others. Five studies provide evidence for the name-pronunciation effect: easy-to-pronounce names (and their bearers) are judged more positively than difficult-to-pronounce names. Studies 1–3 demonstrate that people form more positive impressions of easy-to-pronounce names than of difficult-to-pronounce names. Study 4 finds this effect generalizable to ingroup targets. Study 5 highlights an important real-world implication of the name-pronunciation effect: people with easier-to-pronounce surnames occupy higher status positions in law firms. These effects obtain independent of name length, unusualness, typicality, foreignness, and orthographic regularity. This work demonstrates the potency of processing fluency in the information rich context of impression formation. 相似文献
89.
The p-median offers an alternative to centroid-based clustering algorithms for identifying unobserved categories. However, existing p-median formulations typically require data aggregation into a single proximity matrix, resulting in masked respondent heterogeneity. A proposed three-way formulation of the p-median problem explicitly considers heterogeneity by identifying groups of individual respondents that perceive similar category structures. Three proposed heuristics for the heterogeneous p-median (HPM) are developed and then illustrated in a consumer psychology context using a sample of undergraduate students who performed a sorting task of major U.S. retailers, as well as a through Monte Carlo analysis. 相似文献
90.
Simon Ozer 《Psychological studies》2012,57(3):310-319
It seems likely that an increasing number of young people in the isolated region of Ladakh are experiencing mental problems in relation to the process of acculturation. Ladakh, a Himalayan region situated in the northeast of India, has undergone rapid development. It has been influenced by the opening of the area for tourists in 1974 and from the massive presence of the Indian military. This work explores the discourses among intellectuals, practitioners and young people about psychopathology among the Ladakhi youth in relation to socio-cultural changes. Based on the discourse analysis and a review of relevant theoretical perspectives, it is argued that development is causing a greater diversity in the youth, and that the combination of greater pressure and less cultural support may be causing an increase in psychopathology. 相似文献