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91.
Serial recall is often assumed to involve response suppression: the removal or inhibition of items already recalled so that they are not recalled again. Evidence for response suppression includes repetition inhibition and the separation of erroneous repetitions. Some theorists have suggested that response suppression, by eliminating competing responses, also contributes to recency in forward serial recall. We present experiments in which performance on the final item was examined as a function of whether or not the preceding retrievals entailed suppression of potential response competitors. In line with the predictions of response suppression, recency was found to be reduced when the earlier recall errors consisted of intrusion errors (which leave list items unsuppressed) rather than transposition errors (which involve suppression). 相似文献
92.
This article celebrates the contribution that the American Journal of Psychology (AJP) has made to the area of perceptual-motor skill over its 125-year history. We highlight the articles published in AJP and trace the technical and theoretical developments that stem from this groundbreaking work. Included in our overview are AJP articles on the excitability of the motor system, motor learning, adaptation to visual rearrangement, the ecological approach to perception and action, and the measurement of human handedness. We conclude by identifying a number of areas associated with perceptual-motor skill where AJP continues to make an important contribution. 相似文献
93.
A series of four experiments investigating gaze behavior and decision making in the context of wayfinding is reported. Participants were presented with screenshots of choice points taken in large virtual environments. Each screenshot depicted alternative path options. In Experiment 1, participants had to decide between them to find an object hidden in the environment. In Experiment 2, participants were first informed about which path option to take as if following a guided route. Subsequently, they were presented with the same images in random order and had to indicate which path option they chose during initial exposure. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate (1) that participants have a tendency to choose the path option that featured the longer line of sight, and (2) a robust gaze bias towards the eventually chosen path option. In Experiment 2, systematic differences in gaze behavior towards the alternative path options between encoding and decoding were observed. Based on data from Experiments 1 and 2 and two control experiments ensuring that fixation patterns were specific to the spatial tasks, we develop a tentative model of gaze behavior during wayfinding decision making suggesting that particular attention was paid to image areas depicting changes in the local geometry of the environments such as corners, openings, and occlusions. Together, the results suggest that gaze during a wayfinding tasks is directed toward, and can be predicted by, a subset of environmental features and that gaze bias effects are a general phenomenon of visual decision making. 相似文献
94.
Roxborough HM Hewitt PL Kaldas J Flett GL Caelian CM Sherry S Sherry DL 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2012,42(2):217-233
The role of interpersonal components of perfectionism in suicide outcomes among youth was assessed and the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model (PSDM) was tested by determining whether the links between socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) and perfectionistic self-presentation (PSP) and suicide outcomes are mediated by experiences of social disconnection, as indicated by social hopelessness and being bullied. PSP, trait perfectionism, suicide outcomes, and experiences of being bullied and social hopelessness were measured in 152 psychiatric outpatient children and adolescents. Correlational tests confirmed that PSP and SPP were associated with suicide outcomes and these interpersonal perfectionism components were associated significantly with bullying and social hopelessness. Support was also obtained for the PSDM. The relationship between the PSP facets, particularly nondisplay of imperfections, and suicide outcomes were mediated by being bullied. Additionally, the relationship between all interpersonal components of perfectionism and suicide risk was mediated by social hopelessness. Theoretical and clinical implications of interpersonal components of perfectionism and social disconnection in suicide outcomes for youth are discussed. 相似文献
95.
Cultural issues impact on health care, including individuals’ health care behaviours and beliefs. Hasidic Jews, with their
strict religious observance, emphasis on kabbalah, cultural insularity and spiritual leader, their Rebbe, comprise a distinct
cultural group. The reviewed studies reveal that Hasidic Jews may seek spiritual healing and incorporate religion in their
explanatory models of illness; illness attracts stigma; psychiatric patients’ symptomatology may have religious content; social
and cultural factors may challenge health care delivery. The extant research has implications for clinical practice. However,
many studies exhibited methodological shortcomings with authors providing incomplete analyses of the extent to which findings
are authentically Hasidic. High-quality research is required to better inform the provision of culturally competent care to
Hasidic patients. 相似文献
96.
Simon Robertson 《Synthese》2011,181(1):81-106
What is the relation between what we ought to do, on the one hand, and our epistemic access to the ought-giving facts, on the other? In assessing this, it is common to distinguish ‘objective’ from ‘subjective’ oughts. Very roughly, on the objectivist conception what an agent ought to do is determined by ought-giving facts in such a way that does not depend on the agent’s beliefs about, or epistemic access to, those facts; whereas on the subjectivist conception, what an agent ought to do depends on his beliefs. This paper defends the need for, and explicates, a third category of ‘ought’: ‘warranted oughts’. Section 1 introduces the distinction between objective and subjective ‘oughts’. Sections 2–3 draw attention to some serious problems with each. Section 4 examines, though rejects, a recent attempt to replace subjective ‘oughts’ with objective ‘wide-scope oughts’ operating on belief-action combinations. Section 5 explicates the notion of a warranted ‘ought’ and defends the account against some possible objections. The resulting a picture is one in which an adequate analysis of practical normativity requires both objective and warranted ‘oughts’. Section 6 concludes by responding to a worry about countenancing both. 相似文献
97.
This article is concerned with how information about time and position in a sequence is represented in short-term memory and
expressed in the dynamics of serial recall. Temporal-distinctiveness theories of memory predict that isolating a list item
in time will improve recall accuracy for that item. Although the majority of research in short-term memory has failed to demonstrate
a temporal isolation effect (TIE), there are occasions on which a TIE is observed. The disparity in results has been explained
by assuming that participants can adaptively weight temporal and nontemporal information at retrieval, with differences between
experiments promoting or discouraging reliance on time as a source of episodic information. A particular focus of the present
study is the finding that the TIE is substantially observed in standard serial recall only when participants are instructed
to group the list into minisequences. The findings of two experiments using instructed grouping replicated this effect but
showed that it is attributable to a longer gap at the group boundary enhancing the positive effect of grouping on recall accuracy.
These results show that the hierarchical representations usually associated with temporal grouping are also elicited by instructed
grouping but that an additional and nonspecific benefit to recall obtains from lengthening the pause between groups. An additional
role for time is identified in the timing of responses: The dynamics of input sequences tend to be mirrored in output sequences
for ungrouped lists, whereas the primacy pattern in grouped lists is for a longer duration to speed access to the following
group when that duration occurs at an instructed group boundary. 相似文献
98.
Information about the order of items in a sequence can be conveyed either spatially or temporally. In the present investigation, we examined whether these different modes of presentation map onto compatible mental representations of serial order. We examined this issue in three immediate serial-recall experiments, in which participants recalled lists of letters in the temporal order in which they had appeared. Each letter in a to-be-remembered sequence was presented in a unique spatial position, with the order of these spatial positions progressing from either left to right or right to left. In this way, the visually presented lists contained both temporal and spatial order information. Recall of the temporal order information was more accurate with congruent spatial order information—that is, when the letters progressed from left to right, following the typical reading direction of English—than when the spatial order information was incongruent. These results suggest compatible representations of serial order when sequences are conveyed spatially and temporally. 相似文献
99.
100.
Hoffmann Alexandra Maran Thomas Grünbaum Tilman Liegl Simon Lobis Ulrich Sachse Pierre 《Motivation and emotion》2022,46(2):291-291
Motivation and Emotion - Mourning constitutes an important human emotion, which might cause—among other things—major depressive symptoms when lasting for too long. To date, no study... 相似文献