英国工业化初期的“乡村工业社区”及其治理

"乡村工业社区"是机器大工业在英国乡村地区发展的载体,也是乡村工业化发展和农村城市化的初级形态。工业家是此类社区的创建者和主宰,以家长式的作风管理社区的社会生活,并通过掌控公共权力和举行各种庆典活动来强化自己的权威。这些处于工业家控制下的新兴工业社区成为连接传统农业社会和现代工业社会之间的桥梁。     

政府审计维护国家经济安全的体制寻优与机制构建

政府审计维护国家经济安全理论和实践的探索已多年,但对其体制和机制的研究尚未有突破进展.本文对中国政府审计体制展开剖析,认为现行体制在维护国家经济安全方面颇具优势,更能彰显政府审计批判性、建设性、宏观性、服务性和开放性的特征,故应发展而不是舍弃现行体制.在此体制轮廓下,本文论述了政府审计维护国家经济安全的机制设计与构建,阐述了明确行为依据、认知活动领域、优化作用方式、厘清运行路线、强化素质与管理保障五方面的构建内容与实施路径.     

末期癌症患者的临终关怀

临终关怀与末期癌症关系密切,末期癌症患者是临终关怀的主要对象,这也是姑息医学的主要内容。作为发展中的学科,本文对临终关怀的发展、目的、内容及其在末期癌症患者中的实施作一综述。     

韦伯对道德合法性问题的探究

道德生活的合法性在哪里?韦伯提供了一种理性主义的道德理想主义路径,通过对幸福主义或功利主义的批判尤其是正面对新教伦理之理想主义的申述,其确立起如下基本观点:道德不是技术、技艺或物质利益,它不能像任何技术性手段一样有助于达到人们眼前的利益,在某种意义上它本身就是目的——它同人的高贵、尊严和终极价值等关联在一起,因而是人生和世界意义之体现,同时构成了人之永恒追求的目的。     

Religiosity and consumer behavior of older adults: A study of subcultural influences in Malaysia

• Although differences in consumption patterns across countries are often inferred to be the result of different cultural values and religious orientations, they raise issues of validity because of the many country‐specific factors that may affect behavior. Furthermore, the effects of religiosity are confounded with those of variables that are associated with religiosity such as age. This paper examines the effects of religiosity on well‐being and changes in consumer preferences of 645 adults age 50 and older living in different regions of Malaysia who were surveyed via personal interviews. The results confirm the positive effects of religiosity on well‐being but show differences across the three main ethnic subcultures of Malaysia (Malays, Indians, and Chinese), and they provide little support for the hypotheses that the consistency of consumer brand and store preferences is influenced by religious values. It is suggested that the relationship between religiosity and consumer behaviors warrants additional research, focusing also on variables that relate to religiosity, method of analysis, and on mechanisms that link religiosity to consumer behaviors.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gratifications, collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension as predictors of Facebook uses

This study explores whether and how gratifications and psychological traits impact people's Facebook use. First, a factor analysis of an online survey (N= 437) outlined a unique set of gratifications obtained from the use of Facebook. Six aspects of gratifications (i.e., social surveillance, entertainment, recognition, emotional support, network extension, and maintenance) were identified. Results from regression analyses showed that psychological traits (i.e., collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension) were strong predictors of most Facebook gratifications. Additionally, gratifications and, to a lesser extent, psychological traits significantly predicted Facebook usage, both in perceived importance and different indicators in the level of Facebook use.     

Why rare targets are slow: Evidence that the target probability effect has an attentional locus

Target probability has a well-known effect on detection times: Targets that occur with lower probability are detected more slowly than their higher-probability counterparts. A long-standing issue of interest is what causes this effect. In the two experiments of this study, we examined the possibility that the target probability effect has an attentional locus. We report two key findings that are consistent with this hypothesis. First, we observed a magnification of the effect when the attentional resources available for target detection were limited. Second, we also observed the complementary pattern: an attenuation of the effect when more attentional resources were available for detection. We propose that the target probability effect is caused by an asymmetry in the attentional demands made by targets that occur with different probabilities, with low-probability targets being more attentionally demanding than high-probability ones.     

宋代度僧制度再考辨

宋代度僧,承袭唐、五代旧制,历经了由注重培养僧尼素质到重视国家经济收益的政策转型。从形式上看,主要采取试经、恩度和进纳三种方式,其中试经为正途,恩度为特殊荣宠,进纳为用钱买牒;从特点上看,呈现出了完善差官制度、规范应试程序、严明考试资格的特质;从影响上看,宋代度僧制度在一定程度上巩固了赵宋王朝的统治,为宋以降佛教制度的完善和发展创造了前提。如是,宋代度僧制度已经形成了一套相对周备的僧籍管理轨制,既揭示了宋代统治者对佛教的政策,又对研究宋史和中国佛教史有着重要的鉴戒意义。     

Improving judgment accuracy by sequential adjustment

Judging an object’s value based on relevant cues can be challenging. We propose a simple method to improve judgment accuracy: Instead of estimating a value after seeing all available cues simultaneously, individuals view cues sequentially, one after another, making and adjusting their estimate at each step. The sequential procedure may alleviate computational difficulties in cue integration, leading to higher judgment accuracy. We tested this hypothesis in two real-world tasks in which participants judged either the price of diamonds or the fuel economy of cars. Two studies with professional jewelers and car salespeople show that most participants indeed judged more accurately with a sequential than with a simultaneous procedure. Another two studies with college students further support this finding and show additionally that the sequential procedure could raise the judgment accuracy of inexperienced students to the same level as that of professionals judging with the simultaneous procedure.