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181.
Visuomotor sequence learning requires participants to learn a two-fold process of learning the correct visuomotor transformation
(spatial or arbitrary rules) and learning the correct order of performing the sequence. A motor sequence is performed with
a specific timing pattern by grouping a number of elementary movements into chunks. The present research extends previous
findings examining whether chunking phenomenon is observable for visuo-motor sequences with arbitrary transformations in addition
to spatially defined targets. This research tests for dominant chunking patterns and individual variability. 相似文献
182.
Writer's Cramp is a functional motor disorder classified as an occupational neurosis included under ICD-9 and under Other
specified neurotic disorders of uncertain etiology in ICD-10. It is exhibited while writing in the form of spasms, in-coordination,
pain, stiffness , and tension in muscles of fingers and hand of the writing arm; often spreading to lower and upper arm and
subsequently to shoulder girdle. In India it has been reported to be 5.4 per thousand among office workers in urban settings.
It has been treated differently by neurologists, psychiatrics and psychologists depending upon their views on its genesis.
Psychological intervention tends to involve therapeutic packages ranging from 20 to 50 sessions with elements from relaxation,
conditioning, reinforcement schedules and 'supinator' writing with abstinence from writing during the implementation of regime.
The present paper discusses the successful treatment of writer's cramp with brief cognitive behavior management without any
restrictions on writing 相似文献
183.
Forced termination of clergy involves constant negativity found in personal attacks and criticism from a small congregational
faction. The minister feels psychologically pressured to step down from the ministry position and this process is often demeaning
to the emotional and physical well-being of the minister. The prevalence of forced termination among clergy has ranged from
25% among many denominations to 41% among Assemblies of God ministers. Forced termination and its effects are serious problems
that have yet to be adequately addressed by scholars in social science research. The lack of scholarly research in this area
called for a large national study from a reputable research institution. This online study shows that 28% of ministers among
39 denominations experienced a forced termination. Forced termination was associated with high levels of depression, stress,
and physical health problems. Forced termination was also associated with low levels of self-efficacy, and self-esteem. 相似文献
184.
185.
This paper provides an in-depth, qualitative analysis of two Christian youth groups. Researchers conducted personal interviews
with participating youth and their youth ministers and collected extensive field notes on participant observations of youth
group events. Findings indicate the presence of youth group cliques with clear delineations about which participants are youth
group insiders and which are outsiders. Results show that insider participants are typically socioeconomically-advantaged
youth, while outsiders are typically youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. Despite the existence of these exclusionary practices
within both groups, leaders in the two cases demonstrate differing levels of awareness of and response to these dynamics.
This paper explores the specifics of both cases, illuminating who is targeted for exclusion within these groups and how this
targeting varies across the two congregational contexts. Implications of these findings are that religious youth groups may
perpetuate broader socioeconomic divisions. Specifically, the analysis reveals that rather than forming benign cliques, youth
group members may be discriminating against others based on their relative socioeconomic advantage. 相似文献
186.
Andrew Village 《Review of religious research》2012,54(2):175-196
The compensatory schema hypothesis (Hoffmann and Bartkowski, Soc Forces 86:1245–1272, 2008) has been used to explain why women
seem to have higher levels of biblical literalism than men in some Christian denominations. Based on social structuration
and gender theories, it proposes that biblical literalism is a key social schema in some denominations that deny women access
to institutional power. Women compensate for the lack of access to institutional social resources (leadership) by stressing
the accepted schema (literalism) more strongly than men. The theory was tested using two samples from the Church of England,
one lay (N = 394) and one ordained (N = 1,052). Laywomen were more literal than laymen among evangelicals and Anglo-catholics, where opposition to women’s ordination
is highest, but in both cases the difference was largely explained by differences in education levels between the sexes. Clergywomen,
with access to leadership resources, were less literal than clergymen in both Anglo-catholic and evangelical traditions. The
results offer rather weak support for the compensatory schema hypothesis, and alternative explanations of the findings are
discussed. 相似文献
187.
The illusion-of-transparency seems like an egocentric bias, in which people believe that their inner feelings, thoughts and
perspectives are more apparent to others than they actually are. In Experiment 1, participants read out true and false episodic memories to an audience. Participants over-estimated the number of people who would think that they were the liar, and they overestimated how many would correctly identify the liar. Experiment 2 found that with lessened task demands, and by using a scale of doubt, participants distinguished
lies from truthful statements (albeit with a degree of error). Over the two experiments, results indicated that people have
some ability to distinguish lies from truth (in illusion-of-transparency tasks), although people often overestimate this ability,
and participants sometimes think their own lies are easier to detect than is really the case. 相似文献
188.
Theo A. F. Kuipers 《Synthese》2012,184(1):63-71
It is argued that the conjunction effect has a disjunctive analog of strong interest for the realism–antirealism debate. It
is possible that a proper theory is more confirmed than its (more probable) observational sub-theory and hence than the latter’s
disjunctive equivalent, i.e., the disjunction of all proper theories that are empirically equivalent to the given one. This
is illustrated by a toy model. 相似文献
189.
In this paper we shed new light on the Argument from Disagreement by putting it to test in a computer simulation. According
to this argument widespread and persistent disagreement on ethical issues indicates that our moral opinions are not influenced
by any moral facts, either because no such facts exist or because they are epistemically inaccessible or inefficacious for
some other reason. Our simulation shows that if our moral opinions were influenced at least a little bit by moral facts, we
would quickly have reached consensus, even if our moral opinions were affected by factors such as false authorities, external
political shifts, and random processes. Therefore, since no such consensus has been reached, the simulation gives us increased
reason to take seriously the Argument from Disagreement. Our conclusion is however not conclusive; the simulation also indicates
what assumptions one has to make in order to reject the Argument from Disagreement. The simulation algorithm we use builds
on the work of Hegselmann and Krause (J Artif Soc Social Simul 5(3); 2002, J Artif Soc Social Simul 9(3), 2006). 相似文献
190.
Lydia Patton 《Synthese》2012,184(3):235-246
I examine the role of inference from experiment in theory building. What are the options open to the scientific community when faced with an experimental result that appears to be in conflict with accepted theory? I distinguish, in Laudan’s (1977), Nickels’s (1981), and Franklin’s (1993) sense, between the context of pursuit and the context of justification of a scientific theory. Making this distinction allows for a productive middle position between epistemic realism and constructivism. The decision to pursue a new or a revised theory in response to the new evidence may not be fully rationally determined. Nonetheless, it is possible to distinguish the question of whether there is reason to pursue a theory from the question of whether that theory, once it has been pursued over time, solves a problem of interest to science. I argue that, in this context, there is a solid way to distinguish between the contexts of pursuit and of justification, on the basis of a theory’s evidential support and problem-solving ability. 相似文献